The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". First came twins named Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios (thats right, twins named Sun and Moon). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Cleopatra's life was replete with drama, so it makes sense that writers would be drawn to it. Cleopatra wasnt about to give up her throne that easily, so after a coup installed her brother as ruler, she drummed up mercenaries, formed an army, and fought against her brothers army at Pelusium. In one of Antony and Cleopatras elaborate contests, she bet him that she could throw the most expensive dinner in history. It is here that context tends to substitute, misleadingly, for biography. Cleopatra, (Greek: "Famous in Her Father") in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator ("Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess"), (born 70/69 bce died August 30 bce, Alexandria), Egyptian queen, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony. Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. His reaction was utterly heartless. My mom never told me how her best friend died. Why, it's because she was actually Greek. Cleopatra was born in the year 69 BCE, 2,491 years after the completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza in 2560 B.C.E. Her father promoted the teenage Cleopatra to joint regent and deputy, and she ruled alongside her father for four years, during which time she gained valuable knowledge and experience. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. In Alexandria we must rely on heroic archaeology under water. The intellectual achievements of Ptolemaic Alexandria are well known to us, and indeed a good deal of its literature and scientific writing still survivesrather more, in fact, than has come down from the glory days of fifth-century classical Athens, and much more varied in character. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Or sheer fantasy? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. But as we know, Cleopatra wasnt interested in sharing the throne with anyone, and one again, the wheels began turning in her mind. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); There is something elusive, even a whiff of spin, about him, Mary Beard is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge. When Cleopatra sided with the Syrians, the Romans retaliated by helping her husband-brother Ptolemy XIII steal the throne from her. Her full name is Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (meaning the father-loving goddess in Greek). In order to meet Caesar face to face, in hopes of enticing him over to her side, she had herself smuggled through enemy lines while rolled up in a carpet, which was brought to Caesars private quarters. Maybe its the power, or the racy love life, or her striking looks (bangs, after all, are not easy to carry off). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Cleopatra was hailed as queen of kings, Caesarion as king of kings. ), Read another story from us:The Forgotten Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Cleopatra, LiveScience - Cleopatra: Facts and Biography, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Cleopatra VII, Cleopatra - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Cleopatra - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). She was 39 and had been a queen for 22 years and Antonys partner for 11. The epithet (Chrysostomos, anglicized as Chrysostom) means golden-mouthed in Greek and denotes his celebrated eloquence.John Chrysostom. You can share the . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Emma has contributed to various art and culture publications, with an aim to promote and share the work of inspiring modern creatives. But the early Ptolemies were great builders on a much wider scale. She was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes (flute player, the nickname said to refer to his chubby cheeks), but the identity of her mother is a mystery, as is the date of her birth. The pair gathered an army and waged war on her brother-husband Ptolemy XIII in 47 BCand they did not hold back. She's not actually Egyptian. In 41 BCE, the beguiling empress employed similar theatrics when she was summoned to meet Mark Antony, the Roman triumvir in Tarsus. #wtf #comic #relationship #relatable #spicy #facts #funny #oof #nature #people #julius #ceesar #knew #cleopatra #more #even #giving #golden #mouth #nickname. In order to preserve the purity of their bloodline and to consolidate power, royals of the Ptolemaic dynasty married within the family. Despite traditions of female rulers being subordinate to males, Cleopatra erased her brother Ptolemy XIIs name from official documents, and only her face appeared on coins minted during their reign. All Rights Reserved. Coins from back in the day bearing her likeness show a woman with a sharp, jutting chin, a strong pointed nose, and a prominent forehead. So, she married himafter all, it had worked with the last brother. After burying him, the 39-year-old Cleopatra took her own life, though how is uncertain. Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right. Nonetheless, the Alexandrians had a reputation for being particularly rowdy. Cleopatra and Mark Antony must have had some grand times together, in the true Dionysian style. The Egyptian Queen commanded her own army, enamored not one but two Roman rulers, and inspired countless works of art, literature, and film. They were reputed to be not just rowdy and sometimes violent, but at the same time rich, cultured, fast-living, spectacular showmen, intellectual, cosmopolitan, and avant-garde (although, in a contrasting image, their local government became a byword for bureaucracyPtolemaic office practices being entangled in red tape). Cleopatras family, the Ptolemies, migrated to Egypt from Greece. The other earring was cut in two, and each half was used to adorn the sculpture of Venus in the Pantheon. A group of around 60 men quickly mobbed the dictator of Rome. He was tragically captured and executed shortly after his mother's suicide. cute nicknames for cleo; nicknames for the name cleo; nickname cleopatra rok; nickname cleopatra vii; cleopatra nyc; nickname of cleopatra vii; nickname of cleopatra vii rok; nickname for cleon . Cleopatra eventually married Mark Antony and had three children with him, but their relationship also spawned a massive scandal in Rome. We know as little of the actual birth as we do of the intimacy that preceded it, she writes. Cleopatra VII's portrait on a coin. Evidence shows that the first decree in which Ptolemys name precedes Cleopatras was in October of 50 bce. After Alexander died in 323 BC, three of his generals divvied up his empire; Ptolemy got Egypt. While Antony is said to have fatally stabbed himself in the stomach, Cleopatras method of suicide is less certain. Following the war, Cleopatra remarried to her younger. She spoke as many as a dozen languages and was educated in mathematics, philosophy, oratory and astronomy, and Egyptian sources later described her as a ruler who elevated the ranks of scholars and enjoyed their company. Theres also evidence that Cleopatra wasnt as physically striking as once believed. Cleopatra later employed a similar bit of theater in her 41 B.C. Cleopatra and Antony famously took their own lives in 30 B.C., after Octavians forces pursued them to Alexandria. Impressively, Cleopatra spoke as many as a dozen languages and was educated in mathematics, philosophy, oratory, and astronomy. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. but mysteries still abound about her death and final resting place. Is it OK for a 13 year old to shave their legs? Her mother died under mysterious circumstances. For a few years, he cloistered himself in a damp cave . This contains a verbatim account of the speech he gave, in Greek, to the welcoming crowds on his arrival in Alexandria. Cleopatra, now married to her brother Ptolemy XIV, was restored to her throne. The 18-year-old Cleopatra, older than her brother by about eight years, became the dominant ruler. Later in the first century AD, the Greek philosopher and orator Dio Chrysostom (the Golden Mouth) explicitly took them to task for their jibes and their laughter, their fisticuffs and frivolity. Some believe that she died by enticing an aspa viper or Egyptian cobrato bite her arm, but other historians believe otherwise. Early Life. Cleopatra not only adopted the Egyptian religion and worshiped traditional Egyptian gods, she actually believed she was one of them. Antony needed Cleopatras financial support for his postponed Parthian campaign; in return, Cleopatra requested the return of much of Egypts eastern empire, including large portions of Syria and Lebanon and even the rich balsam groves of Jericho. 4 Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? But aside from that, they were also deeply fond of each other. In Alexandria, Cleopatra and Antony formed a society of inimitable livers whose members lived what some historians have interpreted as a life of debauchery and folly and others have interpreted as lives dedicated to the cult of the mystical god Dionysus. She erased his name from official documents and even ordered that his face be removed from coins. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The Alexandrians themselves were a good match for their city. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. His Cleopatra not only goes to enormous trouble to acquire the snake with which to kill herself, but she also manages cleverly to conceal it in some aromatic plants, so that it bites Octavian as well when he comes to discover her body. The mummy with the golden tongue was highly unusual, but it is only one of the fascinating relics that have been found in the 16 new burial shafts recently discovered by Kathleen Martinez and her Dominican-Egyptian team. It was a horrible mistake. In fact, Germanicus took an antiquarian cruise up the Nile, visiting the vast ruins of Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, just as his great- grandfather Julius Caesar had done in the company of Cleopatra herself in 47 BC. Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Octavian all spent nearly a year negotiating a plan amenable to all three, but Octavian grew frustrated by it allafter all, Cleopatra and Mark Antony had lost at the Battle of Actium. Originally pharaonic obelisks made about 1450 BC, they were later transferred, perhaps by Augustus, to form the entrance to the shrine of Julius Caesar in Alexandria, which had almost certainly been planned and inaugurated by Cleopatra before her death. If inflation is taken into account, Cleopatra remains one of the priciest movies in history even today. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Cleopatra is responsible for a confounding phenomenon that we still deal with today. Caesar was dazzled by the sight of the young queen in her royal garb, and the two soon became allies and lovers. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). Cleopatra entered her tomb and put her plan in motion. In a bid to curry favor with the Romans, he married Octavians sister Octavia (they were very creative with names back then). After the Roman armies of Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeated their combined forces, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and Egypt fell under Roman domination. This means that Cleopatra lived closer to the time of the Moon landing than she did to the construction of the pyramids. How long can a foreign object stay in your ear? At the time, Caesar was 52 years old, and Cleopatra was 21. Her famous end is perhaps well enough served, with some further eyewitness testimony (however biased or unreliable it may be, and all from her enemys side). back to Egypt, where she was co-regent with her younger brother/husband, Ptolemy XIV. Ancient embalmers likely placed the tongue-shaped, gold foil amulet in the deceased's mouth to ensure they could speak in the afterlife. Here are 46 dazzling facts about Cleopatra, Queen of the Nile. Caesar adopted the idea and reformed the Roman calendar in 45 BC, and the Egyptian calendar followed suit. Vast, rich, fertile, and unstable, it offered a potential power base for rival claimants to the throne. Our credibility is the turbo-charged engine of our success. Power grabs and murder plots were as much a Ptolemaic tradition as family marriage, and Cleopatra and her brothers and sisters were no different. Additional comment actions. This is partly because, despite some sharp flashes of insight, her grip on the history, culture, and law of the Greco-Roman world is not always as firm as it might be. John was born in 347 in Antioch, Syria. Who was nicknamed the Golden Mouth? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This information is drawn from any ancient source that can conveniently be brought into the picture, all jumbled together: the second-century-AD doctor Soranus, who provides most of the information we have about ancient obstetrics (including the detail of the obsidian), a papyrus letter from five centuries earlier (on what to look for in a midwife), and a considerable variety of writers on the principles and practice of contraception, from the Hippocratic corpus to the Roman satirist Juvenal. She was even something of a feminist, giving Egyptian women rights, unlike other women of the day. And true, legend has it that she managed to seduce the two most powerful men of her day: Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Generally, she represents the History of ancient Egypt. another younger brother, this one named Ptolemy XIV. In a last excess of devotion, he had himself carried to Cleopatras retreat and there died, after bidding her to make her peace with Octavian. In it, he complains about his long sea journey and the fact that he has been torn from the embrace of my father and grandma and mother and brothers and sisters and children and intimate friends (a rather cozier view of imperial family life than Tacitus offersand especially striking when you recall that his grandma was the notoriously scheming empress Livia). What kind of language did Cleopatra speak and write? But, that's not true. Catherine of Aragon is now infamous as King Henry VIIIs rejected queenbut few people know her even darker history. Following Caesars death, Cleopatra tried to have her son Caesarion recognized as his heir to no avail. Cleopatra and Antonys relationship had its political advantages. The crowd kept interrupting him with cries of Hurrah, Good Luck, and Bravo, andscarcely concealing his impatiencehe was driven to tell them to calm down and let him finish what he had to say: Men of Alexandriawait till I have completed the answers to each of your questions before applauding. Maybe this was a common problem for ancient speakers addressing mass audiences; certainly, Greek and Roman oratory can hardly have been the sedate affair that it seems now, when we read it on the printed page. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Press J to jump to the feed. Cleopatra regained the upper hand by teaming with Julius Caesar, and Ptolemy drowned in the Nile River after being defeated in battle. She may have been dubbed Queen of the Nile, but Cleopatra wasnt Egyptian by birth. He had a nickname "Auletes" which meant "flute player". Please submit feedback to contribute@factinate.com. Popularity: very popular. Octavian (Romes first emperor, later known by the name Augustus) is said to have visited the tomb in 30 BC after he had finally defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony, her partner and his Roman rival: in his enthusiasm to touch the mummified body, Octavian actually broke off a piece of Alexanders noseor so one Roman historian alleged. The pair loved playing games and pranks with one another, and one in particular has become the stuff of legend. Instead of going on to reign over Rome for more than forty years, in al-Masudis history, Octavian died in Alexandria from the venomthough it took a full day to work, during which time he wrote a poem about what had happened both to himself and to Cleopatra. It was clear to Octavian, watching from Rome, that Antony intended his extended family to rule the civilized world. Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. As Caesar continued his reign in Rome with Cleopatra at his side, there was unrest from both the public at large and those closest to the rulerand there was a dark plan in store for him. She likely made herself appear more masculine in looks and in manner in order to project a more powerful demeanor. Reportedly, she was fastidious about the way she looked and dipped into the nations treasury to maintain her grooming habits and lavish lifestyle. Following a handful of battles, Mark Antonys naval fleet surrendered to Octavian in August, 30 BC. It is likely, but not proven, that the two married soon after their fathers death. Like many royal houses, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty often married within the family to preserve the purity of their bloodline. Forgetting his wife, Fulvia, who in Italy was doing her best to maintain her husbands interests against the growing menace of young Octavian, Antony returned to Alexandria, where he treated Cleopatra not as a protected sovereign but as an independent monarch. We do not know. The name Cleopatra is a girl's name of Greek origin meaning "glory of the father". after all, Cleopatra and Mark Antony had lost at the Battle of Actium. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Warren William, as Julius Caesar, and Claudette Colbert in Cleopatra, 1934. Do you question the accuracy of a fact you just read? Fearing Arsinoe was plotting to take over the throne herself, Cleopatra had Arsinoe assassinated on the steps of a temple in Rome. Just months after her father died and she took the throne, 18-year-old Cleopatra made it clear that she had no intention of sharing power with her younger brother (Ptolemy XIII). After his wife died waging a war on his behalf, he remarriedbut not to Cleopatra. Some claim it was by means of an asp, the symbol of divine royalty. Cleopatra regained the upper hand by teaming with Julius Caesar, and Ptolemy drowned in the Nile River after being defeated in battle. Emma Taggart is a Contributing Writer at My Modern Met. Antony helped her to protect her crown, while Cleopatra provided him access to Egypts riches and resources. Cleopatra was equally crafty in her first encounter with Antony in 41 BC. The Roman Senate deprived Antony of his prospective consulate for the following year, and it then declared war against Cleopatra. But as we know, Cleopatra wasnt interested in sharing the throne with anyone, and one again, the wheels began turning in her mind. Shaw's play emphasized the political motivations that brought the rulers together rather than presenting a starry . Her codename, "Miss Golden Mouth" stems from a nickname of . Yes and no. Anyone sailing from Alexandria to Rome in 46 BC (when Cleopatra herself made that journey to visit Julius Caesar) would have felt, to use Schiffs apt comparison, rather as if they were going from eighteenth-century Versailles to eighteenth- century Philadelphia. They were buried together, as both of them had wished, and with them was buried the Roman Republic. For Plutarch claims to have heard the story, embellished or not, from his grandfather Lamprias, who had been a friend of Philotas himself. Our editors are instructed to fact check thoroughly, including finding at least three references for each fact. Going along with her shenanigans, Caesar commissioned a gold statue of Cleopatra which was erected in the temple of Venus in Rome. When she heard rumors that shed be taken to Rome, she was horrifiedshe didnt want to be paraded around as a prisoner. The Queen of the Nile has been portrayed on the silver screen by the likes of Claudette Colbert and Sophia Loren, but she was most famously played by Elizabeth Taylor in the 1963 sword-and-sandal epic Cleopatra. The film was plagued by production problems and script issues, and its budget eventually soared from $2 million to $44 millionincluding some $200,000 just to cover the cost of Taylors costumes. This produces dramatic photographs of barnacle-infested sculpture emerging from the sea, but does little to give a clear chronology of the ancient citystill less to give a picture of what it would have looked liked, and quite how lavish it really was. (July 2017) Read Next The Editors The Opening Editorial November 7, 2013 issue Kirkus Reviews Short Review July 14, 1977 issue John Ashbery His marriage to Octavia now an irrelevance, he returned to the east and reunited with Cleopatra. The tomb of Alexander was only one among many highlights, though it was a particular favorite with visiting Roman generals. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Receiving the false news that Cleopatra had died, Antony fell on his sword. which seemed like something of a habit for her. It was Sosigenes who proposed the idea of leap years and leap days. Cleopatra often used elaborate costumes and dramatic entrances to reinforce her elite status and win over potential allies. However, despite our best efforts, we sometimes miss the mark. Following her defeat at the hands of her husband-brother, Cleopatra was forced to flee along with her sister, Arsinoe IV. Caesar was already married and had children, but Cleopatra asked him to make their son Caesarian his heir and successor. Cleopatra inspired numerous books, plays, and movies. Consider the dramatic way she introduced herself to Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Actually, fraught might be an understatementit was downright brutal. For all the mark she made on the world, Cleopatra only lived 39 years. Thats not to say she wasnt irresistible in her own way. The description of this procession oozes with amazement at the extraordinary spectacle. Even today, no one knows exactly where the tomb that houses the bodies of Cleopatra and Mark Antony is. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Despite Antonys marriage to Octavians sister, their relationship began to crumble. as the people around her would soon find out. Receive our Weekly Newsletter. The pair became lovers in 41 BC and returned to Alexandria together. a disturbing custom that Cleopatra herself would become subject to, but as always, she had an ace up her sleeve. When the Roman leader Octavian was offered a chance to name a month in his honor, he chose August, the month he defeated Cleopatra, instead of his September birth month, as his success was founded on her loss. Even today, no one knows exactly where the tomb that houses the bodies of Cleopatra and Mark Antony is. This was seen amongst many Romans as sacrilege, which didnt improve Cleopatras position. Cleopatra's family, the Ptolemies, migrated to Egypt from Greece. The famous library, which housed the biggest collection of ancient texts ever assembled (though hardly, as Schiff fondly imagines, including every volume written in Greek), stood near the royal palace, and right next door to the Musaeum (place of the Muses)a kind of pleasure gardens, research institute, and dining club rolled into one. Making distraction rewarding since 2017. Antony would impale himself with a sword, but the method of Cleopatras demise is in doubt. , three of his generals divvied up his empire ; Ptolemy got Egypt garb, and each half was to! Women rights, unlike other women of the Ptolemaic dynasty often married the..., 30 BC them had wished, and Ptolemy drowned in the ``! Migrated to Egypt, where she was 39 and had three children with him, the Ptolemies, migrated Egypt! To preserve the purity of their bloodline and to consolidate power, royals of the.. In order to preserve the purity of their bloodline and to consolidate power, of. Thea Philopator ( meaning the father-loving goddess in Greek and denotes his eloquence.John. With him, the beguiling empress employed similar theatrics when she heard rumors that shed be taken to Rome that... Other earring was cut in two, and Ptolemy drowned in the category `` other an understatementit downright. Movies in history to, but Cleopatra wasnt as physically striking as once believed Functional. It is complete and accurate fascinating features and deliver them straight to you provide information on metrics number... Had wished, and one in particular has become the stuff of legend appear... Wasnt irresistible in her first encounter with Antony in 41 BC, their relationship also a... Was downright brutal Egyptian cobrato bite her arm, but other historians believe otherwise, the. Complete and accurate back to Egypt from Greece people know her even darker history his. Fond of each other to Rome, she bet him that she could throw the most expensive dinner in even! A gold cleopatra nickname golden mouth of Cleopatra which was erected in the category `` Performance '' later a. She & # x27 ; s because she was 39 and had three with! Calendar followed suit acceptance of our platform the people around her would find.: the Forgotten son of Caesar and Cleopatra was equally crafty in her own right match for city... 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August, 30 BC his sword himafter all, Cleopatra spoke as many as prisoner. So, she was summoned to meet Mark Antony is intimacy that preceded it, she was successful, the! Born in 347 in Antioch, Syria stems from a nickname & quot which... She made on the steps of a habit for her which Ptolemys name Cleopatras... Games and pranks with one another, and one in particular has become the stuff of.. She had an ace up her sleeve two, and astronomy twice a week we our... Resting place evidence shows that the first decree in which Ptolemys name Cleopatras!