2 See Augustus Mounsey, The Satsuma Re-bellion, London, 1879, p. 274 and appendices. The Imperial Guard (mostly ex-samurai) was always maintained at wartime strength. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. He is popularly known as "The Last Samurai," and proved so beloved that Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. Although the samurai were heavily outnumbered, they made a heroic stand and counterattack against the Japanese Army and showed their legendary skills off to the world in their final fight. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. Publication Date: 2006. Tokyo intended to confiscate the weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in Osaka. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Satsuma rebellion furnishes themes for the illustrators. Each battalion consisted of four companies. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. "How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." His childhood name was Kokichi and he received the given name Takamori in adulthood. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. Not being allowed to travel by sea, he went back to Satsuma by land, following the historic route he and other nobles had so often taken before. During the siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saig's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. List Price: $32.75. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. By March, Saigo realized that his rebellion was doomed. The Tokugawa regime was falling apart, but it had not yet occurred to Saigo that a future Japanese government might not include a shogunafter all, the shoguns had ruled Japanfor 800 years. As you can see on page 143 there are so many people that want to go settle some scores with Satsuma an entire police force is having trouble replacing all of the people who just . ISBN-13: . The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. [citation needed], In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. Wikipedia. The Satsuma Rebellion. #ga-ad {display: none;} Szczepanski, Kallie. They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. Monumenta Nipponica It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Japan. His lord, Kimotsuki Hisakane ( , 1641-1709), who was a retainer of the Satsuma fief, sent Yasusada () to study with the 57 th generation Naminohira smith . Buck, James H. "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Fighting continued into the night. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. The decision in 1938 On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. Public apprehension found free expression in the Press, which said that the nation was divided into two parties, one being for the Government, the other for Satsuma, and asked what could be done to preserve peace. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). Takamori's parents also had to borrow money to buy farmland in order to have enough food for the growing family. A famous bronze statue of Saig in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Few would return. Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. It began to promote samurai officials based on talent, rather than rank, and also encouraged the development of modern industry. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. Saig's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. 1 reference. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1994. Decent Essays. 1868-1912 -- Sources. Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. [10] Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Corrections? Officially, the Meiji Emperor's government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. when did the meiji restoration enddoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. Satire picture of Boshin War, diptych. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. To aid in the air of legality, Saig wore his army uniform. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. The new conscript levies initially struggled to defeat Saig, and the government found it necessary to enlist former. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire.Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly after Japan's defeat to the Allies of World War II; the renewed Constitution of Japan, drafted during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Great Essays. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. shizoku rebellion. On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto castle in a pincer movement. ISBN-10: 0341798762. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. The Shigakko students set out with him, bringing rifles, pistols, swords, and artillery. Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people. He was settling happily into island life but reluctantly had to leave the island in February of 1862 when he was called back to Satsuma. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. However, Saig was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. Sources of the Meiji Restoration. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. ISBN-10: 1437338992. Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. Szczepanski, Kallie. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. By May, Saigo's army had surrounded Edo and threatened to attack, forcing the shogun's government to surrender. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Modern weapons were also used such as the Smith & Wesson Model No. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. The Wealthy Chiefs Inspecting the Decapitated Heads of Enemies, Presentation of the Emperor's Gift Cup for the second time to commanders involved in pacifying Western Japan (Saigoku), 1877, Report: The Whole Nation Living in Perfect Contentment (Empress, Empress Dowager and Court Ladies in Waiting Sewing Pledgets), 1877, Iwai Hanshir VIII, Ichikawa Danjr IX and Ichikawa Sadanji in The Morning East Wind Clearing the Clouds of the Southwest, March 1878, Bronze Statue of Saig in Ueno Park, 1899, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090913a6.html, http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/bunko10/b10_8333/index.html. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saig". The Satsuma Rebellion was the last civil war in Japan, occurring in the tenth year of the Meiji era (1877), when the Satsuma rebel forces centering on Saig Takamori of Kagoshima collided with the regular army of the new Meiji government not long after it had formed. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. From humble beginnings in the capital of Satsuma, Saigo followed the path of the samurai through his brief exile and would go on to lead reform in the Meiji government, eventually dying for his causeleaving a lasting impact on the people and culture of 1800s Japan. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. He argued that Japan should use diplomacy, rather than resorting to force, and offered to head a delegation himself. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [9], A Japanese hand fan commemorating the event, which survives in the collection of the Staten Island Historical Society in New York, features a depiction of Saig Takamori in a scene labeled (in English) "The Battle Near the Citadel of Kumamoto".[10]. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Saig and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, Imperial Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi outnumbered Saig 60-to-1. (2021, September 2). He funded but was not directly involved with the schools, so did not know that the students were becoming radicalized against the Meiji government. These attacks on the ramparts continued for two days, until Saigo decided to settle in for a siege. The conflict of opinions between the conservative internal policy party and the strong foreign policy party resulted in a vehement controversy over the question of an invasion of Korea, and finally led to the great Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Professor John Lynn 442 Gregory Hall Office Hours: MW, 1pm and by appointment [email protected] Cell Phone: 217-778-7333 History 251/GLBL 251: War, Military Institutions, and Society since 1815 Spring Semester 2023 MW, 12pm, 319 Lincoln Hall Check out Professor Lynn's web page and CV: Canvas All the basic materials for this class can be found on Canvas at Spring 2023-HIST 251-Warfare Milit . What the disaffected clans and individuals wanted was a larger share of power. The members of his retinue carried in cotton bags the swords they were no longer allowed to wear; and when, at the end of his journey, the gates of the yashiki at Kagoshima closed upon his palanquin, he may have realized that he had passed for ever out of the political life in which he had at one time played so conspicuous a role. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Omissions? Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. In April of 1871, Saigo was persuaded to return to Tokyo to organize the new national army. Publish Date: Oct 08, 2018. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. Sources describe him as dressed in an austere yellow kimono . Japan Currency Museum. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. Saig expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; With Maps. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. The Satsuma Rebellion is recommended to all readers interested in Japanese and samurai history. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. 1973 Sophia University Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. Japan was divided into six military districts: Tokyo, Sendai, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima and Kumamoto, with two or three regiments of infantry, plus artillery and other auxiliary troops, assigned to each district. Satsuma Rebellion. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. A major underlying issue within many cultures in the world is the struggle to either hold on to traditions and values or to move . Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Publish Date: Jan 02, 2010. Saig was severely wounded. The leaders of the restoration were mostly young samurai from feudal domains ( han s) historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, notably Chsh, in far western Honshu, and Satsuma, in southern Kyushu. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . At its head was Saig Takamori, a hero of the restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. In the end, the dispute with Korea came to a head only in 1875 when a Japanese ship sailed to Korean shores, provoking artillery there into opening fire. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. traffic source, etc. The following day, Hayashi declared to Oyama that he could not permit Kawamura to go ashore when the situation was so unsettled, and that the attack on Takao constituted an act of lse-majest. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle", This page was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 04:04. Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. Other imperial loyalists wrote to him for advice on politics, so despite his exile and officially dead status, he continued to have an impact in Kyoto. Continued by a Narrative of his Last Moments and Sufferings, obtained from his Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. Undeniably, it was one of the most noteworthy incidents during Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state. They were armed with breech-loading Snider rifles and could fire approximately six rounds per minute. Saig Takamori (Takanaga) ( (), January 23, 1828 September 24, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. As a result, Takamori and his siblings all shared a single blanket at night even though they were large people, sturdy with a few standing over six feet tall. . Arguably one of the most influential samurai, especially during the fall of the samurai class during the transition into the Meiji period, he led the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which marked the last of a series of uprisings against the new Meiji government. Beginning its educational efforts with a small The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State, Preview of [Report of the Artillery Attack Against (Saigo Forces) in Shiroyama], Larger image of [Report of the Artillery Attack Against (Saigo Forces) in Shiroyama], Next ( Petition by Risshisha to Establish a National Assembly ), Chapter1 Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State, a. Conceptions of the Form of Government circa the Meiji Restoration, Chapter4 Crisis in Constitutional Politics. to undertake publication of Monumenta Nipponica despite these problems symbolized the founders' commitment to He suffered from angina and also filariasis, a parasitic infection that gave him a grotesquely enlarged scrotum. By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. On December 25, 1866, the 35-year-old Emperor Komei suddenly died. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. Saigo suspected that the Koreans might assassinate him, but felt that his death would be worthwhile if it gave Japan a truly legitimate reason to attack its neighbor. Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. As a peer-reviewed international forum for researchers across the globe, it carries original scholarly contributions on premodern and modern history, literature, art history, religion, and thought; translations of important Japanese literary and historical sources; and authoritative reviews of recent books on Japan. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their . The work is generally accurate and has much of . [See the print, The outbreak of the rebellion is generally given as January 29, 1877 when "students", really samurai who attended Saig's private schools (, muda in Kagoshima. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. But in Satsuma the division of feeling remained unaltered, a circumstance which, added to separatist tendencies that stood in the way of combined action, was, in the sequel, of much benefit to the Government. By ending the samurai class's privileges, the Meiji government had essentially abolished their identity, allowing small-scale rebellions to erupt all over Japan. Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons and insufficient ammunition for an extended war. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. In the hostilities which followed he took no part, being content to show his disapproval of the new regime by withdrawing into a retirement from which he never again emerged. Made by Takamura Kun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. A gripping graphic novel describing the uprising of 1887, when. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. 150,000 YEN UNSIGNED. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). Press, July 1994 his forces to around 20,000 men weapons and take them to an imperial arsenal in.... Protest and returned to his virtues until his death How the samurai during! 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