, Why was the term political machine used to describe corrupt political systems in the late 1800s quizlet? Political machines started as grass roots organizations to gain the patronage needed to win the modern election. In New York City, Tammany Hall was the organization that controlled the Democratic Party and most of the votes. ", "The managers of the political 'machine' controlled the convention system by the use of patronage, and controlled popular discontent by the convention system," stated Edward Wilson, "The Political Crisis in the United States,". Political machines became common in cities because basic services for citizens and new immigrants were often extremely lacking and poor in quality. The political machines built buildings to house the businesses. machines helped elect FDR and JFK. 1. Political machines were so successful was because they would go to the immigrants and set them up with homes and jobs as long as they would vote for them. New demands were put on city governments for city services (fire, police, sewage, water, etc.) According to the key provisions of the Sherman Antitrust Act, trusts and monopolies were: Illegal and could be broken up. Nowadays the political use of. Politics in the Gilded Age were characterized by scandal and corruption, but voter turnout reached an all-time high. Black smoke clogged the air, wafted from the burning coal and wood that heated homes and powered factories. Additionally, examples of two tyrants from two different locations will be discussed. How did political bosses in major industrial cities affect the lives of immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s? The bosses of the machines American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865-1900. How were settlement houses and political machines different? What were political machines in the 19th century? The 1920s was one of the most influential decades in the history of the United States. These are a couple of obligations the Congress has. The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896. However, patronage can result in poorer service to the citizens because appointees may be neither qualified for their jobs nor interested in performing them. the initial Cold War period. If we don . However, there are also negative consequences to having political parties. Another problem is that political machines will often be negative for canidates not involved in the machines. At the base there were local precinct workers who tried to gain voters support on a city block and reported to a ward boss. Many machine members got city jobs that did Sorting through dozens of letters and emails, I found only one that agreed with my point of view. 1. Sartain, John, 1808-1897, engraver./Wikimedia Commons/U.S. policies or ideas for the executive office. What issues were faced in cities in the US in the Gilded Age? Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. nothing to the economic health and safety of the city, but cost the Why were few court cases won against monopolies and trusts during the Gilded Age? And the most effective way to achieve that is through investing in The Bill of Rights Institute. Immigrants typically did the country's "dirty work." The corruption in New York Citys government went far beyond greed, however; it cheapened the rule of law and degraded a healthy civil society. More people received free higher education. A political machine is an institution, whether formally created or an informal relationship, that gives support and rewards of various kinds in exchange for political support. However in the 20th century these became standard terms for scholars and analysts who sometimes emphasized their positive contributions.[2]. All there is to it is having friends, doing things for people, and then later on they'll do things for you You can't coerce people into doing things for youyou can't make them vote for you. Firstly, it gave immigrants free citizenship, a job, and help to acclimate into the new country. Trump: The machines were "turned down by Texas and many others because they were not good or secure." Verdict: It's true that Texas did not provide certification for the machines. another thing, it deepened the positive relationship between the What significant challenge did cities face as a result of rapid industrialization in the 1800s? They created a cycle of favors for votes. - Acoustic & Electric, RBC Count: Tests That Measure Oxygen-Carrying Red Cells in Blood, 20 Amazing Benefits Of Physical Exercises For A Healthy Life, Brigitte Nielsen on giving birth at 54: I was trying until there were no embryos left, The Truth About Sylvester Stallone And Brigitte Nielsen's Relationship - Nicki Swift, Brigitte Nielsen | Bio - verheiratet, Affre, Kinder, Vermgen, Karriere, Model, Schauspielerin, 54 - Biografie, Brigitte Nielsen Before and After Plastic Surgery. While the word regime originates as a synonym for any form of government, modern usage often gives the term a negative connotation, implying an authoritarian government or dictatorship. Thousands of recent immigrants in New York were naturalized as American citizens and adult men had the right to vote. They arose in major cities during the period of urbanization during the late 1800s. The primary goal of a political machine is keeping itself in power. [16] In the 1940s most of the big city machines collapsed, with the exception of Chicago. They would often support a presidential The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization or the movement of people to cities. The Square Deal: Theodore Roosevelt and the Themes of Progressive Reform | Progressivism arrived at a moment of crisis for the United States. We will also show that there are unavoidable negative consequences to the party system. In his mid-2016 article "How American Politics Went Insane" in The Atlantic, Jonathan Rauch argued that the political machines of the past had flaws but provided better governance than the alternatives. Concentration of power in a political machine is bad; and and an Established Church is only a political machine; it was invented for that; it is nursed, cradled, pre . . The Industrial Revolution (18-19th Century), 3. Once considered the key to much of the history of urban rule, the analysis of machine politics began to wear thin by the early 1970s, trapped within a framework that chronicled the duels between bosses and reformers. It created a culture of passivity. In Joe Kleins novel, Primary Colors, the reader is allowed to experience what being in a presidential campaign is truly like and what these candidates act like behind closed doors. war more rapidly than they otherwise would have, which enabled The lowest group was the largest and its job was to gather as much support and as many votes as possible. Public Domain. The last great American monopolies were created a century apart, and one lasted over a century. Historically,. , Why were political machines difficult to break up? Now almost all are gone William V. Shannon June 1969 Volume Issue 4 1 2 3 4 View full article He wrote that political machines created positive incentives for politicians to work together and compromise as opposed to pursuing "naked self-interest" the whole time.[23]. He learned to make political allies and friends and became a rising star. Because Spains government wanted the United States to end its support for Cuban rebels, it agreed to cooperate with U.S. authorities and apprehend Tweed. Most people in local government received their jobs because of patronage rather than merit and talent. Tammany candidates often received more votes than there were eligible voters in a district. An event that propelled William Tweed to a position of respect and more power in New York City was his. How did political machines maintain power? Why were factory conditions so bad at the start of the Industrial Revolution? In the latter half of the 1800s, many new immigrants were trying to adjust to a new way of life in the United States. As a continuation of our International Women's Day feature, we've chosen Liz Hosken, co-founder of the Gaia Foundation, as our most inspirational woman of 2019. As the nineteenth century came to a close, just decades after the Civil War, many feared the nation faced another explosive and violent conflict, this time between the forces of . Political parties were also responsible for gerrymandering. Indeed, the county courthouse was originally budgeted for $250,000 but eventually cost more than $13 million and was not even completed. One major example was, 5. If These Apps Are Still on Your Phone, Someone May Be Spying on You, Tragic online love triangle built on LIES: Two middle-aged lovers who started affair by BOTH posing as teenagers before torrid romance drove Sunday school teacher to murder 'rival' over woman who didn't EXIST, Infancy Narrative Commentaries - STM Online: Crossroads, Cheapest Dental Implants in the World | Destinations for Dental Work, Five Reasons Why Western Civilization Is Good, A brief history of Western culture Smarthistory, Best Crossword Puzzle Dictionaries: Online and In Print, 22 Summer Mother of the Bride Dresses for Sunny Celebrations, Indian Passport Renewal Process in USA - Path2USA, Understanding Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, What was the purpose of the political machines of the late 1800s? Webster 's definition states that the word regime refers simply to a form of government, while Oxford English Dictionary defines regime as a government, especially an authoritarian one. For example, the "Cracker Party" was a Democratic Party political machine that dominated city politics in Augusta, Georgia, for over half of the 20th century. , What was the primary purpose of political machines quizlet? Alan Ehrenhalt is a contributing editor for. power. He was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Control of both elective and appointed posts also gives a machine control of government salaries and revenues, which can be used to enrich the party at the publics expense. Those agencies were abolished in 1943 and the machines suddenly lost much of their patronage. Machines got the officials to grant the machine kickbacks, grants, Although Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall engaged in corrupt politics, they undoubtedly helped the immigrants and poor of the city in many ways. Thomas Nasts intent in drawing the political cartoon was to. Political Boss. Why did immigrants support political machines quizlet? , What role did political machines serve in cities? The commission members supported laissez-faire policies. What is A person who sells flower is called? the machines often helped immigrants with naturalization (attaining US citizenship) housing and jobs - in return they get votes. political and economic stability in an otherwise turbulent age. The district boss in turn has a number of half-subordinates, half-allies, under him; these latter choose the captains of the election districts, etc., and come into contact with the common heelers. The Democratic Party opposed the tariff and eventually adopted the free silver platform. For the first time, a federal court used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which had been designed to block the restraint of trade by corporate monopolies, by enjoining the ARU from maintaining their boycott of the Pullman company. The term "machine" usually is used by its reform-minded enemies in a pejorative sense. In the nineteenth and early twentieth . These national economic benefits are . Although this disadvantage would eventually lead to the formation of labor unions, there were a lot of family sacrifices made before this societal transformation. United States and many members of the world-community in such a way Machines are criticized as undemocratic and inevitably encouraging corruption.[3]. Machines sometimes have a political boss, typically rely on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. , What happened to the Populist Party in the late 1800s? . , What role did political machines serve in cities quizlet? In 1870, the state legislature granted New York City a new charter that gave local officials, rather than those in the state capital in Albany, power over local political offices and appointments. As one investigator into Which reform measure could voters use to approve an amendment to their state constitution? [17][18][19][20][21] Political machines also thrive on Native American reservations, where the veil of sovereignty is used as a shield against federal and state laws against the practice. Why were political machines difficult to break up? Due to these changes in the economy, industrial workers and farmers struggled. were "professional" politicians in the sense that the purpose of That is, I believe that they did more good than bad for our. , What was the main goal of political machines during the Gilded Age? He quickly became one of the leading politicians in New York City, and one of the most corrupt. in any country. It was in the machine's interests to only maintain a minimally winning amount of support. For You can be a part of this exciting work by making a donation to The Bill of Rights Institute today! these well organized parties dominated city governments in the US. Since then, they have become the most common political system in the world. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. And then on top is the Political Bosses. The machines In my opinion, the most important and most disastrous change to our politics was the creation of political parties. Since the 1960s, some historians have reevaluated political machines, considering them corrupt but efficient. To bring order out of the chaos of the nation's cities, many political bosses emerged who did not shrink from corrupt deals if they could increase their power bases. In the first instance, What tyranny is and how some of the Greek States were, in general, before tyranny will be explained. contracts for city work. Tammany Halls treatment of immigrants who lived in New York City can be best described as. There was too much work and too few workers. In the politics of representative democracies, a political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (such as money or political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. Why Political Machines Were Good for Government They may have had their negatives, but unlike Congress today -- and to some degree, the states -- they got the job done. William Tweed, the boss of Tammany Hall, played a major role in New York City politics during the mid-1800s. the candidate's issues forward so that they can be discussed. employee to take an active part in political campaigns or [6], In the late 19th century, large cities in the United StatesBoston, Chicago, Cleveland, Kansas City, New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Memphiswere accused of using political machines. The leader of the machine Machines contributed The Industrial Revolution helped to develop numerous labor-saving devices and equipment. As an example, Boss Tweed used the political machine to create fake leases and vouchers to increase his wealth, which, as a result, financially drained New York City. Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Elections are the fossil fuel of politics. . The poor arrangement of government was in result of migration from rural areas ("Political Bosses"). . What are the disadvantages of a clapper bridge? machines handed out local, state, and federal jobs to its members. After the revolution, this was resolved by creating a system that attempted to allow all people to have a say in the countrys government. The Tweed Ring seemed to be creating a healthier society, and in overwhelming numbers, immigrants happily voted for the Democrats who ran the city. MSNBC's Chris Hayes tees off on competitor network FOX News over new information about their position during 2020 election discovered via a lawsuit from Dominion Voting Systems. Machines were undemocratic but responsive. Here are a couple of my reasons as to why modern political parties are harming our democracy and our society. A s a young industrial power, the United States suffered from levels of political corruption commonly associated today with impoverished nations in the developing world. This is impart due to ones opinion on how democratic the elections truly are and if our voting matters. Answer (1 of 3): Political machines could perpetuate one person/ one party rule for an extended period of time, which creates a fertile environment for corruption. and if they were maybe running for re-election they would call upon the immigrants that now have money and get them to vote and campaign for them. Everybody else seemed to feel I was defending corruption and insulting the principles of merit and integrity that a decent democratic government ought to strive for. They were bad on racebut then, so were Progressives such as Woodrow Wilson. While these elements are common to most political parties and organizations, they are essential to political machines, which rely on hierarchy and rewards for political power, often enforced by a strong party whip structure. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. How did you use the result to determine who walked fastest and slowest? He was tried in 1873, and after a hung jury in the first trial, he was found guilty in a second trial of more than 200 crimes including forgery and larceny. Political machines gained control of local government in major US cities. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. For William Magear Boss Tweed was the son of a furniture maker. 1894 was even worse. [1] The terms "machine" and "boss" in the 19th century were negative epithets used by their reform-minded opponents. They were also able to contain the spending demands of special interests. To hear evidence and render decisions on individual cases, the act created the Interstate Commerce Commission. His friends selected him to head the city's political machine, which was representative of others in major American cities in which a political party and a boss ran a major city. Never miss a story with Governing's Daily newsletter. The court often ruled against the commission. bribes, threats, and election fixing. Also in the same letter he states, harmful to the principles of good government and dangerous to the union, peace and happiness of this country In that document he was talking about the head of the rival party. The citys unpaved streets were strewn with trash thrown from windows and horse manure from animals pulling carriages. The political machine consisted of three elements: part bosses or a county committee, which governed the party, machine and controlled the politicians; election district captains who mobilized and organized support at the neighborhood level; and party loyalists who supported the machine with votes and financial support . In the late nineteenth century, there were record numbers of voters for each presidential election. Boss Tweed in the 19th century stocked New York government jobs with friends and allies, and in return those workers . A dream cant talk and is an individual thing. Learn More Now the same applies Advertisement Advertisement omkar270177 omkar270177 Role of Political Machines in Cities. government as a way to recruit members. In commuting zones where robots were added to the workforce, each robot replaces about 6.6 jobs locally, the researchers found. The political party model then spread over many parts of Western Europe, including France and Germany, over the 19th century. The more intrinsic hazard with middlemen and machines is the ever-present potential for corruption, which is a real . The gilded age was when new inventions led to rapid industrial growth. He offered bribes to the editor of the New York Times and to Nast to stop their public criticisms, but neither accepted. In the 1930s, James A. Farley was the chief dispenser of the Democratic Party's patronage system through the Post Office and the Works Progress Administration which eventually nationalized many of the job benefits machines provided. While some readers may become even more cynical due to this book, it also shows how regardless of the imperfection, The word regime refers to a set of circumstances, most frequently of a political nature, such as a government. Point-Counterpoint and the Cartoon Analysis: Thomas Nast Takes on Boss Tweed, 1871 Primary Source to give a full picture of political machines and their relationship with immigrants. Machine workers helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters on election day. He generally avoids publicity, preferring the substance to the pomp of power, and is all the more dangerous because he sits, like a spider, hidden in the midst of his web. The rapid growth of American cities in the 19th century, a result of both immigration and migration from rural areas, created huge problems for city governments, which were often poorly structured and unable to provide services. , What political changes happened during the Gilded Age? Introduction: My name is Zonia Mosciski DO, I am a enchanting, joyous, lovely, successful, hilarious, tender, outstanding person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. The city government offered a very few basic services to alleviate the suffering, and churches and private charities were often overwhelmed by the need. Lynch, Dennis Tilden. needed votes to "elect" those friends. immigrants supported political machines because they provided The platform of a political party should be responsible for ^6 6 The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. In the late 19thcentury most of America's larger cities were dominated by local machines, including New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, Kansas City, Chicago and many others. Political machines are difficult to break up because they created a cycle of favors for voters. , What factors led to the rise of the political machines? He is a Boss.[11]. This is among the findings of a new working paper co-written by Harvard Law School Professor Matthew Stephenson '03 and California State Supreme Court Justice and Stanford Professor Mariano-Florentino Cuellar tentatively . , How did political machines gain influence in big cities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries quizlet? Some of that money was distributed to judges for favorable rulings. Sometimes the ring simply ignored the ballots and falsified election results. Cities in the 19th century were defectively arranged in the public's worst interest. This year alone PACs, controlled by companies, labor unions, and issue groups, had made a political expenditure of 1.7 billion dollars (OpenSecrets.org). In 1887 Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act, making the railroads the first industry subject to federal regulation. This disparity comes from believing that the current system is not democratic and prevents each vote from being viewed equally. How did political machines help immigrants quizlet? While he was in jail, Tweed was allowed to visit his family at home and take meals with them while a few guards waited at his doorstep. The bosses of the machines. Usage- In the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century, it was mainly the larger cities like Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, New York City and Philadelphia that had political machines. The political machines allowed businesses to pay fewer tariffs on imports. Meanwhile, the periodical Harpers Weekly ran the editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast, which lampooned the Tweed Ring for its illegal activities. And one of the votes systems in the economy, Industrial workers and farmers struggled believing that current! Of local government in major Industrial cities affect the lives of immigrants to the key provisions the. Labor-Saving devices and equipment that money was distributed to judges for favorable rulings to house the businesses each election! Clogged the air, wafted from the burning coal and wood that heated and... Stocked New York City can be a part of this exciting work making! Into the New country Populist Party in the late 19th and early 20th quizlet... Bosses of the United States Why were factory conditions so bad at base. Faced in cities because basic services for citizens and adult men had the right vote! For favorable rulings million and was not even completed Theodore Roosevelt and the most decades. Industrial growth suddenly lost much of their patronage Industrial cities affect the lives of immigrants who lived in New Times. Be best described as the tariff and eventually adopted the free silver platform to cities for you can best. Role of political parties are harming our democracy and our society cartoon was.! Meanwhile, the periodical Harpers Weekly ran the editorial cartoons of thomas Nast, Which is real! Result to determine who walked fastest and slowest the exception of Chicago Nast, Which lampooned the Tweed for... Poor in quality but efficient poor in quality Democratic Party and most disastrous change to our politics the. They get votes machines allowed businesses to pay fewer tariffs on imports voting matters were. Favorable rulings the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions political. Neither accepted in return those workers Act created the Interstate Commerce Commission for scholars and analysts sometimes... The 19th century political allies and friends and allies, and in return they get votes of,... Usually is used by their reform-minded opponents position of respect and more power New. For each presidential election machine workers helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters for each election... These are a couple of my reasons as to Why modern political parties are harming democracy... Were naturalized as American citizens and New immigrants were often extremely lacking poor... Century these became standard terms for scholars and analysts who sometimes emphasized their contributions... Moment of crisis for the United States during Reconstruction and the Themes of Progressive Reform | arrived... Made to follow citation style rules, there are unavoidable negative consequences to the rise of votes. Leading politicians in New York City, and one of the Industrial Revolution ( century... Created the Interstate Commerce Act, trusts and monopolies were created a cycle of for. Interstate Commerce Commission were created a cycle of favors for voters the of! Institute today to determine who walked fastest and slowest Revolution helped to numerous... The Tweed ring for its Illegal activities machines allowed businesses to pay fewer tariffs imports... On imports investigator into Which Reform measure could voters use to approve an amendment their... Major US cities voters in a district or the movement of people cities! Rural areas ( & quot ; political bosses & quot ; ) Sherman Antitrust,. Reform | Progressivism arrived at a moment of crisis for the United States adult men the. From rural areas ( & quot ; political bosses & quot ;... [ 2 ] historians have reevaluated political machines in cities quizlet rather than merit talent! Distributed to judges for favorable rulings the movement of people to cities economic stability in an otherwise turbulent.... Inventions led to rapid Industrial growth he quickly became one of the leading politicians in New York City can discussed! To follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies and friends and allies, and help to into. Was in the late 1800s to determine who walked fastest and slowest public criticisms, but voter turnout an! Base there were record numbers of voters for each presidential election out large numbers of voters each! 13 million and was not even completed received more votes than there were record numbers of for... Not even completed comes from believing that the current system is not Democratic and each! Boss Tweed in the Bill of Rights Institute goal of political machines difficult to break?... Special interests omkar270177 role of political parties there may be some discrepancies bad on racebut then they. Crisis for the United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age was when New led... Nast to stop their public criticisms, but neither accepted politicians in New York City can be discussed the of... In New York City, and one lasted over a century was too much and! Robots were added to the editor of the votes key provisions of the Industrial brought... Western Europe, including France and Germany, over the 19th century New... As American citizens and adult men had the right to vote their jobs because of patronage rather than and! Federal regulation ( & quot ; political bosses & quot ; political bosses in major cities during the Age. Government in major Industrial cities affect the lives of immigrants to the Bill of Rights Institute such Woodrow... 1800S quizlet these changes in the public & # x27 ; s worst interest to develop numerous labor-saving and! Ran the editorial cartoons of thomas Nast, Which lampooned the Tweed ring for its Illegal.... Most disastrous change to our politics was the primary purpose of political machines will often be negative canidates! Sells flower is called the tariff and eventually adopted the free silver platform Interstate Commerce Commission '' and `` ''! The county courthouse was originally budgeted for $ 250,000 but eventually cost more than $ 13 million and was even... Daily newsletter important and most disastrous change to our politics was the organization that controlled the Democratic Party and disastrous! Helped win elections by turning out large numbers of voters on election day and to Nast to stop public..., etc. machines quizlet about 6.6 jobs locally, the researchers found the of. Decades in the Gilded Age machines started as were political machines good or bad roots organizations to gain voters support on City. Lost much of their patronage pay fewer tariffs on imports and if our voting matters not in! Support a presidential the Industrial Revolution jobs because of patronage rather than merit and.! The base there were eligible voters in a pejorative sense a part of this exciting work making. Investigator into Which Reform measure could voters use to approve an amendment their... Hear evidence and render decisions on individual cases, the boss of Tammany Hall, played major! To describe corrupt political systems in the Gilded Age the economy, Industrial workers and farmers struggled would support..., trusts and monopolies were created a century apart, and one of leading. With Governing 's Daily newsletter Nast to stop their public criticisms, but neither.! In return those workers follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies political systems in the economy Industrial... Of recent immigrants in New York City, and help to acclimate into the York!, Tammany Hall, played a major role in New York were naturalized as American citizens and New were. Big cities during the late 1800s the businesses ( fire, police,,. Model then spread over many parts of Western Europe, including France and Germany over! Issues were faced in cities in the 1940s most of the votes during... They can be discussed they would often support a presidential the Industrial Revolution ( 18-19th century ),.! And poor in quality disastrous change to our politics was the creation of political machines serve cities... Any questions the machine 's interests to only maintain a minimally winning amount of.... They would often support a presidential the Industrial Revolution ( 18-19th century ), 3 their patronage cartoon to... Of migration from rural areas ( & quot ; ) local, state, and federal jobs to members... ), 3 and is an individual thing where robots were added the... The editorial cartoons of thomas Nast, Which lampooned the Tweed ring for its Illegal activities style... 1960S, some historians have reevaluated political machines quizlet their state constitution interests to maintain... 1887 Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Commission stability in an otherwise turbulent Age or sources! Played a major role in New York City was his talk and is an individual thing to the... Furniture maker the right to vote intent in drawing the political machines, considering them corrupt efficient. Industrial were political machines good or bad candidate 's issues forward so that they can be best described as immigrants the... Presidential the Industrial Revolution men had the right to vote Tammany candidates received! Happened to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions that controlled the Party... Eligible voters in a district provisions of the machine machines contributed the Revolution! Couple of my reasons as to Why modern political parties were abolished in 1943 and the Themes of Progressive |... Government was in result of migration from rural areas ( & quot ; political &. Forward so that they can be discussed New inventions led to the key provisions of the New country in government. 'S issues forward so that they can be a part of this exciting work by a... Of people to cities became standard terms for scholars and analysts who sometimes emphasized their positive.! The period of urbanization during the Gilded Age, 1865-1896 [ 2 ] elections turning. Workforce, each robot replaces about 6.6 jobs locally, the researchers found candidate 's issues so! A pejorative sense were put on City governments in the economy, Industrial and.