These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. The Iranian people have a record of practising quite a progressive form of Shia Islam. Improving patient and family care outcomes has been said to require "nuanced understanding of cultural con-texts for those who provide care and those who receive it" (Schim & Doorenbos, 2010, p. 1). When an elder family members husband or wife dies, they will usually move into the house of one of their children. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. Generally, families with higher educations will be more open-minded regarding the mothers and fathers contribution to the household dynamic. Arranged marriage is generally not a cultural practice but can be found in some isolated rural areas. As an example, the idea of Schildkrout can be taken who notes that the tradition to decorate the body in various ways has a global trend, and this practice has been adopted for many centuries (79 . Coding continued until a high level of inter-rater agreement was reached. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore specific cultural and religious beliefs and values concerning death and dying, truth telling . As mentioned before, sacred here is not defined in a religious context, but an inwardly sanctification context. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. One 60-year-old woman explained this: I am very close to God and talk to Him a lot. In our study, we observed interviewees who preferred to rely on themselves rather than God for Reason A, above. Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. 4 The term was used first by Sigmund Freuds colleague Josef Breuer to describe a therapeutic technique. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Rice and fresh unleavened or semi leavened whole-grain bread are staple starches. From this is can be appreciated that, while people do date casually, most casual relationships are approached particularly earnestly as there is a certain risk involved. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. Careful consideration was made during this phase. perceived severity. According to Nation Master, females made up over 60% of the overall Iranian student body in 2012. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. Results of data analysis show the importance of using protective expressions when complimenting in Persian and Arabic. In public, people behave in the way that will benefit them (i.e. These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. Twenty-seven participants with various kinds of cancer were interviewed. After all the interviews had been transcribed and analyzed, the main citations (participants responses and statements) for each category were translated into English by the researchers. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. In A Minor Leap Down, filmmaker Rajabi addresses the over-prescription of psychotropic medication in Iran, explaining: Depression signifies that a part of our lives hurtand taking pills wont solve anything until we distinguish which part of our life is causing the problem.. Jul 2018. Western values had both negative and positive effects on the social, economic, political, and cultural lives of Nigerians. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. This ensures that the households name is not implicated with trouble and their honour is protected. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. This coping method means that people trust themselves as human beings more than they trust a sacred object God. According to some researchers (Phillips, Pargament, Lynn, & Crossley, Citation2004, p. 410), there are several reasons people rely on themselves rather than God: They believe that God has indeed provided individuals with the ability and freedom to engage in the problem-solving process. Demonic Reappraisal - which refers to redefining the stressor as an act of the Devil/an evil power is another coping method we found in the present study. The health care beliefs and values of Mexican-Americans. The participants confirmed large cultural differences in doctor-patient communication when encountering Iranian and Swedish patients. This loyalty also means that family honour and shame is shared between all family members. According to Bhardwaj (Citation1998), ziyarat expresses a certain regional Islamic culture, especially among non-Arab populations. Among Muslims, the idea of testing (Ekhtebar) is rather robust. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. When religion is a highly accessible resource that is always available in a persons sociocultural context, it is likely that, in times of crisis, the person will turn to religion instead of other resources. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. (p. 46). Because beliefs, customs, and practices related to health care may differ across societ-ies and cultural groups, responses to high-stress nursing Some reports show that 26.5 percent of Iranian women and 20.8 percent of Iranian men have mental-health difficulties. The categories or sub-categories were then linked to relevant codes in the material. I think He has listened. In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. This changed as the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders and placed extreme restrictions on women. People generally had more the freedom of choice and expression over, for example, whether they wished to pray or wear a hijab. Family Solidarity - Intergenerational solidarity refers to the degree of closeness and support between different generations. The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. The way this is done will depend on the individual Im not in charge, but only God. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. If something is going to happen, God knows and writes. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. Underground, people behave the way they truly believe, often relaxing their moral codes of behaviour. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. It is important for non-Muslims to understand that many Iranians generally recognise the government as the source of their complaint, not Islam. Registered in England & Wales No. After delivering a written application to the respective authorities in hospitals and rehabilitation centres, formal permissions for conducting the research were obtained. In the first pattern, religious actions are rooted in religious beliefs. Mexicans are very While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. Iranian women have traditionally been some of the most liberal in their interpretation of the hijab, often wearing a shayla significantly looser than what is customary in most other Muslim cultures. Iranian Sunni citizens are primarily concentrated in the provinces of Golestn, Kurdistan, and Sistan-Baluchestan. Religious purification refers to a search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions. Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. Indeed, general society embraces science and development, and there seems to be a cultural consensus that Islamic principles do not necessarily contradict technological and scientific progress. Italian Culture and Its Impact on the World. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. One possible reason for this is that, for these interviewees, religion is a larger part of [their] orientation system (Ahmad, Citation2006, p. 28). Iran has been swift and forthcoming in adopting and bringing forward new ideas. As such, women are expected to cover up anything that could be considered an erotic provocateur to avoid unwanted public attention i.e. T raditionally Iranian culture has been patriarchal with the father or the husband at the head of the family and household. (Bhardwaj, Citation1998, p. 72). As people dont want to risk doing something shameful, they generally adhere to social expectations. A health belief system has four key components: perceived susceptibility. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. Culture influences, accordingly, the complex whole of social life: its institutions, laws, knowledge, customs, morals and lifestyles (Ahmadi, Citation2006). Nevertheless, while politics is commonly ridiculed, most people are very reluctant to criticise Islam both from a social standpoint and a moral/theological perspective. The purpose of the project is to explore, from a sociological perspective, different forms of meaning-making coping (existential, spiritual, and religious coping) used by people who have been struck by cancer and, thereby, to attempt to understand the effect of culture on the use of these coping strategies. Therefore, behaviour in Iran is regulated to adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations of the Quran. Indeed, many of the older generation in particular find modern dating practices dishonourable and can be ashamed of their sons and especially their daughters if they engage in it. perceived barriers to health. Putting others before ones self is considered the most dignified behaviour (see Taarof in Etiquette for a further explanation). It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . Those families that have connections with the government are sometimes afforded latitude to deviate from strict rules, or they may receive more lenient consequences for their actions. One is Support from Saints and Imams but not Clergy. I knew that I would win if I only relied on myself. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Religion, culture and illness: a sociological study on religious coping in Iran, Department of Social Work and Psychology, University of Gvle, Gvle, Sweden, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Counseling Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Nursing, Khoy Medical Sciences Faculty, Urmia Medical Sciences University, Khoy, Iran, Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Swedish Agency for Work Environment Knowledge, Gvle, Sweden, Initial development of the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, Non-Hajj pilgrimage in Islam: A neglected dimension of religious circulation, A contrastive study of Arabic and Persian formulas against the evil eye used by women, Does being religious help or hinder coping with chronic illness? The several religious coping methods found in the present study are categorised on the basis of RCOPEs five basic religious functions. One interviewee, a 42-year-old man, explained that: This test was important to me to understand what life is about. They invite a great number of guests for the wedding day. According to Khoshkjan (Citation2016, p. 4), one of the most important motivations for pilgrimage is enjoying its savab (a spiritual reward). The purpose of this study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality. In this article, we proceed from the perspective advocated by Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018). Iranians take their responsibilities to their family quite seriously. View. Ceremonies for weddings in Iran has different sections; proposal, Bale Boroon, Hana Bandan, the wedding day, Pagosha, and honeymoon are a happy part of Iranian Culture. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. This is usually to protect conservative parents from worrying. All these things calm me down and give me strength. Christians are the largest minority religion population, at 2,50,000 to 3,70,000. Cultural is a comprehensive concept that contains children's states of health, illness, and well-being. If something happens to us we must act and try to affect our life; not see everything as Gods Will. The country faces the common problem of other young . By the likes of tall poppy syndrome, people are expected to be humble and unassuming about themselves. Robert T. Muller, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at York University, and the author of the book Trauma and the Avoidant Client. For many Iranians, there is a personal contradiction between what they want to do and what they are permitted to do. Italy is a country located in the south of Europe. Persian, Kurd, Balochi, Arab, Turkmen, Azeri, and Turkic tribes are the major ethnic groups residing . In our study, we found a tendency toward using these habits as coping strategies to gain comfort and closeness to God. We all have cultural values. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. 0467469664; admin@thecleanex.com.au; The Cleanex is an NDIS Service Provider - NDIS Provider Number: 4050017476 As it seems, believing that imams have outwardly powers, that visiting imams tombs ziyarat means nearing the source of the divine, and that through ziyarat they gain rewards savab has brought about the kind of psychological confidence and security that our informants needed while facing a serious life crisis. The table beliefs and values concerning death and dying, truth telling that could be considered an erotic provocateur avoid... 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