Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. A) highly viscous, cools slowly The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. E. pyroxene Which of the following minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series? b. Over millions of years, many magma chambers simply cool to form a pluton or large igneous intrusion. Electronic resumes should be saved in HTML format is FALSE statements about electronic resumes. 2. gabbro seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. B. magma mixing B) highly fluid, cools slowly Explanation: Advertisement A. convergent plate boundaries E. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture In 1912, Norman Levi Bowenhe joined the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he carried out groundbreaking experimental research into the processes of cooling magmas. What is magma? 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B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? C. basalt Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. Magma Escape Routes Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. If solid, obsidian. If the magma has a low viscosity (i.e., its runny)which is likely if it is maficthe crystals that form early, such as olivine (Figure 3.3.6a), may slowly settle toward the bottom of the magma chamber (Figure 3.3.6b). Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. B) the rock's likely parent magma composition molten rock below Earths surface Decompression MeltingDecompression melting involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly-solid mantle. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Over millions of years, the magma in this subduction zone can create a series of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc. C) the rock's color Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. B. Olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite D. consist of very coarse grained crystals of potassium feldspar, muscovite and quartz C. aphanitic or glassy texture A) rhyolitic Why? The least-dense magma rises to the top. E. All of these. b. Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Magma that has cooled into a solid is called igneous rock. C) number of ions The cooling behaviour of intermediate magmas lie somewhere between those of mafic and felsic magmas. But most magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface. Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. C) solid + melt C) the composition 3. rhyolite light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? D) the lava in the crystallizing magma chamber before eruption. As the denser tectonic plate subducts, or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. Felsic magmas, on the other hand, have much more SiO2 (65% to 75%) and Na2O + K2O (around 10%) and much less FeO and MgO plus CaO (about 5%). 20/3 D. muscovite These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. The environment in which an igneous rock solidified (extrusive, intrusive or otherwise) can be inferred best by which of the following? 4. andesite B) the first crystals to form when the magma was in the magma chamber Peacock, M. A. These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. Peacock, M. A. As the temperature drops, and assuming that some silica remains in the magma, the olivine crystals will react (combine) with some of the silica in the magma to form pyroxene. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration Commonly even very felsic rocks will not have biotite or muscovite because they may not have enough aluminum or enough hydrogen to make the OH complexes that are necessary for mica minerals. B. komatiite 4. porphyritic basalt C) highly fluid, cools quickly C. potassium feldspar F. lower silica, high iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. C) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica lava Thus, you can often figure out the relative order in which the minerals crystallized from the magma. This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. MAGMA - molten material and dissolved gas (in the subsurface). Magma originates in the lower part of the Earths crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. Some pumice is so full of vesicles that the density of the rock drops low enough that it will float. A) Upon eruption, magma becomes "lava," the form of the magma that flows out of the volcano. The method, in brief, was to melt the rock to a magma in a specially-made kiln, allow it to cool slowly to a specific temperature (allowing some minerals to form), and then quench it (cool it quickly) so that no new minerals form (only glass). Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. 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