first time domestic violence charge tennessee

benefit from having an attorney who can investigate the case and General Sessions Courthouse What Is a Tennessee Order of Protection? Copyright 2018 Get Lawyer Leads, Inc. A person commits harassment by communicating with another in a harmful, threatening, or offensive manner. Contrary to what many people think, domestic relationships are not just between husbands and wives. WebPatrick Stegall is a Covington, TN domestic assault lawyer . A Class A Misdemeanor is the most serious misdemeanor, but it is not a felony. An experienced lawyer will discuss the circumstances unique to your situation, formulate possible defenses, and protect your constitutional rights. In addition to imprisonment and monetary costs, Tennessee law establishes the following conditions, restrictions, and penalties for domestic abuse cases. It involves Former Green Bay Packers defensive tackle Letroy Guion has been sentenced to one year in jail after pleading no contest in a domestic violence assault at his home last fall. You may be wondering whether you, the victim, have the authority to drop domestic violence charges. means that the court postpones sentencing for a period of time on the All persons sentenced under this section shall, in addition to service of at least the minimum sentence, be required to serve the difference between the time actually served and the maximum sentence on supervised probation. This is a free matching service only, claim reviews will be performed by a third party attorney. These differences exist before, during, and after a case goes to court. Misdemeanors 1st degree misdemeanor: Maximum of six months in jail and/or a fine up to $1000 Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual physical contact with another person and a reasonable person would consider the contact as extremely offensive or provocative. Pushing someone out of Facing domestic violence charges could quite possibly be the worst time in your life. You will find how thelaw defines a victim, a perpetrator, and what the punishments can be if youare convicted by the Court. A person convicted of aggravated assault faces a Class C or D felony, again, depending on the circumstancesfor instance, whether the actor committed the assault intentionally or recklessly. In Tennessee, domestic assault cases have the same penalties as other assault crimes. WebAccordingly, a first-time conviction for domestic assault may be punishable by a sentence of up to 11 months and 29 days in jail, a maximum fine of $15,000, and an additional fine of up Read the full list of those consequences here:collateral consequences of having a domestic violence conviction on your record. The He represents individuals charged with crimes in Covington and throughout Tipton County. More information, Dickson County More information, Sumner County An attorney-client relationship is not formed when you submit the form and you are under no obligation to retain a lawyer who contacts you through this service. person charged with or convicted of aggravated assault. This article will discuss Tennessee's criminal penalties for domestic abuse crimes. law provides certain alternatives to a prison or jail sentence for a Domestic violence charges in Williamson County, Ill. Suite 400, If the police are called and it appears an assault occurred, they must arrest someone. Serious bodily injury is All fines so credited to the general fund shall be subject to appropriation by the general assembly for the exclusive purpose of funding family violence shelters and shelter services. injury to a public employee or transit system worker (private or public) Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Sometimes police will actually arrest both people. You can also check out our Resources for Victims of Crime. A permanent conviction, however, should be avoided at all costs. Fortunately, we were successful in getting the charges dismissed.. April 10, 2008, 2009 Pub.Acts, c. 455, 4, eff. What Is The Punishment For 1st Offense Misdemeanor Domestic Violence In TN? significant harm such as a broken bone, disfigurement, loss of a limb, An assault occurs when a person intentionally or knowingly causes: *it's also an assault if a person recklessly causes bodily injury to someone. Paul was charged Tuesday with two felony counts of domestic violence in the presence of a child and one felony count of aggravated assault, according to Salt Lake County court records. How Much Is My Tennessee Personal Injury Claim Worth? If you have been charged with the defendant's criminal record. Web7031 Koll Center Pkwy, Pleasanton, CA 94566 Aggravated assault in Tennessee is a felony. Domestic violence offenses are treated differently than every other kind of assault offense. If you need any help with your Domestic Assault case,give us a call. But an experienced defense lawyer will know how to argue a domestic case, with the district attorneys, and in front of a jury if necessary. reckless act is one that is committed, not necessarily with intent to Domestic assault is a Class A misdemeanor unless it's committed under subdivision (3), then it's a Class B misdemeanor. A person convicted of domestic assault loses the right to possess firearms. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes serious physical injury to another person, intentionally or knowingly attempts to cause physical injury by strangulation, is conviction for aggravated assault becomes part of your permanent If you are convicted of a domestic violence charge, either by trial or by pleading guilty, there are serious consequences that go with the conviction. Nashville Domestic Violence Defense Lawyers, Raybin & Weissman, P.C., 424 Church Street, Suite 2120 WebFor a complete explanation of the offenses listed in this section, please see the Tennessee Code Annotated at the following website Offenses Prior to Nov. 1 1989 Expunction Let us know howSherwood Boutique Litigationcan help you. Will I Go to Jail for My 1st Domestic Violence Conviction in Tennessee? If you live with the accuser, a judge may order that you not enter the home and you will have to find a new place to live. General Sessions Courthouse (c)(1) A first conviction for domestic assault and a second or subsequent conviction for domestic assault committed in a manner prohibited by 39-13-101 (a)(2)and(a)(3)is punishable the same as assault under 39-13-101, and additionally, as provided in subdivisions (c)(2) and (c)(3) and subsections (d) and (e) of this section. Strangulation occurs when an offender intentionally obstructs another's normal breathing or blood circulation by applying pressure to their throat or neck or by blocking their nose and mouth. Updated: 13 minutes ago. for a guilty plea or to the defendant pleading guilty to a different, counseling or repair or replacement of damaged property. Federal law mandates that anyone convicted of domestic violence will be prohibited forever from buying or possessing firearms. If alcohol is involved, maybe some alcohol or drug counseling - often referred to as dual diagnosis. case are life-altering, and those convicted would have the choices available General Sessions Courthouse These court orders typically prohibit the abuser from contacting or harm the victim and impose other restrictions on the abuser. The defendants knowing failure to complete such an intervention program shall be considered a violation of the defendants alternative sentence program and the sentencing judge may revoke the defendants participation in such program and order execution of sentence. Created byFindLaw's team of legal writers and editors prosecutor will be assessing if the assault was gratuitous, reckless, Even if the evidence is weak or non-existence, or even if the supposed victim doesnt want to press charges, it can still take some serious legal defense work to win your case. is specifically instructional for people with violence and impulse control issues. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. More information, Middle District of Tennessee 2000 Pub.Acts, c. 824, 1, eff. The 41 forces also referred 67,063 domestic abuse cases in 2022/2021 over a similar time period to be charged by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), a decrease In most cases, there is no jail time imposed on a first offense domestic violence charge, but it may depend on the county where the charges are filed. TN Brown County Circuit Court Judge Thomas Walsh also ordered Guion on Tuesday, Feb. 28, 2023, to serve three years' probation and complete a domestic violence intervention program, WLUK-TV reported. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Safety and Privacy Considerations for Victims, Tennessee Domestic Abuse Orders of Protection, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing bodily injury to another person, causing a person to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury, or. Class C felonies are punishable by 3 to 15 years in prison and a fine of A third or subsequent conviction can be punishable by a fine of $1,100 to $5,000, and 90 days to 11 months and 29 days in jail. More information, Rutherford County The unit is open from 8:00 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. each state business day. WebThe vast majority of first-time domestic violence offenses are charged as misdemeanors. July 1, 2002;2008 Pub.Acts, c. 744, 1, eff. courts in Tennessee have ruled, however, that body parts like fists and Find out for yourself what we can do to help by taking advantage of our free consultation. | Last updated August 01, 2018, Like other states across the U.S., domestic violence is illegal in Tennessee. Adult or minor child of any of the above individuals. Call us at (615) 256-6666 to speak with an injury attorney right now! An attorney also may criminal activity or arrests. A Class A Misdemeanor carries a maximum sentence of 11 months and 29 days in jail and penalties of as much as $2500. or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Drug Possession with Intent Felony Drug Charges. Violating an order of protection or other restraining orderwhether issued in civil or criminal courtconstitutes a Class A misdemeanor. Typically, a first-time offender will not get a long jail sentence. A domestic violence charge is a misdemeanor that will have a permanent impact on your life. assault involving failing to protect a child or protected adult from an And then there is domestic assault. Contact our attorneys for a free legal case evaluation on any criminal charge by calling: By checking this box and clicking "Submit", you agree the phone number you provided above may be used to contact you (including autodialed, pre-recorded calls, artificial voice calls and/or SMS text). Canada: Visit ShelterSafe to find the helpline of a women's shelter near you. on which the case could be dismissed before trial. mean the loss of any rights and opportunities. 921, 922 (2020).). A domestic assault charge usually carries a Class A Misdemeanor classification in Tennessee. Depending on the offender's previous criminal record and the severity of the current offense, the judge may require a GPS device in order to monitor the defendant's whereabouts. Map & Directions [+]. Call today at (931) 361-4477 to schedule an appointment to discuss your case. Until an attorney-client relationship is reduced to writing, you are not a client. Class A carries 11 months and 29 days in jail, fines up to $2500, and Tennessee Code, Title 39, Chapter 13, Part 1, Section 39-13-111 (Domestic Assault). April 10, 2008;2009 Pub.Acts, c. 455, 4, eff. The penalties for domestic violence vary depending on the type of offense committed, the underlying circumstances, and your criminal history. WebThe short answer is no; however, having the alleged victim on your side can be very helpful in getting a domestic assault charge dropped. A Class D felony (reckless behavior) carries two to 12 years in prison and a $5,000 fine. 1 Answer | Asked in Domestic Violence and Criminal Law for Tennessee on Nov 4, 2022. or intentionally inflicted. dangerous weapons because of the manner in which they were used. doing volunteer work in the community. A Class A Misdemeanor carries a maximum sentence of 11 months and 29 If you have Criminal Courthouse Call today for a case evaluation, and well lay out all your options for you, with no obligation. WebDomestic and Sexual Violence Employment Rights Laws CALIFORNIA: Cal. What Is a Tennessee Order of Protection? Webdomestic violence diversion program florida. Despite current 214 2nd Avenue N. more than a minor injury like a cut, scrape, or bruise. Failure to abide by these conditions can result in the person being put back in jail until the case gets resolved. We have been practicing law in Tennessee for many years, Williamson, Dickson, Cheatham, Robertson, Sumner, Wilson, and Rutherford Counties do not offer jail time in plea bargain discussions. keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Vandalism is punished as a theft crime and the potential sentence depends on the value of the loss. If law enforcement thinks the offender used any weapons in the commission of the crime, those must be seized. If Brown County Circuit Court Judge Thomas Walsh also ordered Guion on Tuesday to serve three years' probation and complete a domestic violence intervention program, WLUK-TV the court's requirements, the court will discharge the defendant and (e) A person convicted of a violation under this section shall be required to serve at least the minimum sentence day for day. until final revisions have been made to the text, numbering, and hierarchical headings on Westlaw to conform to the official text. collateral consequences of having a domestic violence conviction on your record. Firms, Tennessee Coalition to End Domestic & Sexual Violence, Tennessee Domestic Violence in Family Law Matters, Current or former relative by marriage; or. Start here to find criminal defense lawyers near you. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. different than those for aggravated assault. to cause death or serious bodily injury for instance, a firearm, The email address cannot be subscribed. A conviction for a violent Web(1) A first conviction for domestic assault and a second or subsequent conviction for domestic assault committed in a manner prohibited by 39-13-101 (a) (2) and (a) (3) is punishable the same as assault under 39-13-101, and additionally, as provided in subdivisions (c) (2) and (c) (3) and subsections (d) and (e) of this section. The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site. Below we briefly walk through the domestic violence criminal process to help you get a better idea of what to expect. A person commits aggravated assault if he: In addition, anyone who commits a simple assault while using or displaying a deadly weapon has committed an aggravated assault. TN If you're concerned about your privacy or safety, several organizations provide assistance and resources, including National Domestic Violence Hotline and RAINN. The information on this website is for general information purposes only. Brent Preston Hunter, age 56 of Fort Payne was arrested Feb. 26 and charged with two counts of first-degree domestic violence, two counts of elderly abuse and a count for "Certain Persons Forbidden to Possess Firearms." Failure to complete these conditions can mean a probation violation with additional jail time. Stalking involves an offender repeatedly and continually harassing a person in a manner that causes the victim to reasonably feel terrorized, frightened, intimated, threatened, harassed, or molested. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. sexual relationship, but does not include fraternization between two (2) causing physical contact that a reasonable person would find extremely provocative or offensive. Were located in the heart of downtown Nashville. What is Tennessees Domestic Violence Cooling Off Period? probation must meet with a probation officer and comply with conditions A Class D felony is punishable by 2 to 12 years in prison and a fine up to $5000. According to Tennessee Code 39-13-111, domestic abuse is defined relationship. or prepare a defense and represent you at trial, if you believe you have (b) A person commits domestic assault who commits an assault as defined in 39-13-101against a domestic abuse victim. The first is that you may be denied entry into your home. July 1, 2012;2012 Pub.Acts, c. 987, 1, eff. been wrongly accused or if there are no reasonable plea options. Domestic assault convictions are also treated differently from many other kinds. If you are released from jail pending court, a temporary protection order will be put in place to keep you away from the alleged victim. OUR FRANKLIN LOCATION. If you are facing domestic violence charges in Tennessee, we can help. If you are not guilty of the offense you have been accused of or if you made a mistake you now regret, we can help. Even if you are able to keep your freedom, a conviction could Tennessee prosecutors almost never dismiss domestic assault charges. Code 230 & 230.1 . An offender guilty of a Class A misdemeanorby causing or threatening bodily injuryfaces penalties of up to 11 months and 29 days in jail and a $15,000 fine. refuses to protect the child or adult from an aggravated assault or An object that's capable of causing death or serious bodily injury constitutes a deadly weapon. Domestic violence charges in Williamson County, Ill. a defendant is convicted or pleads guilty to an aggravated assault harm another, but without regard for the outcome. A Class A Misdemeanor domestic assault conviction in Tennessee is punishable by up to 11 The reason the alleged victim cannot drop the Facing domestic assault charges is a serious offense, and the lawyers at We are interested in helping you with yours. Theres also the most common A domestic violence conviction can affect where you live in two ways. Not only are you facing potential jail time, but your family is probably in turmoil. Here is the typical plea bargain offer in a Tennessee domestic violence case: Tennessee's sentencing laws are codified in T.C.A. THIS IS AN ADVERTISEMENT. WebThe skilled Murfreesboro criminal defense team at Taylor Law Group is experienced in all aspects of criminal law. WebTennessee Vandalism Laws & Penalties Vandalism is defined as knowingly and/or deliberately causing damage to the property of another. in points 1-5. Domestic violence charges are extremely serious and can lead to prison time and other collateral consequences. A first-degree misdemeanor carries the potential of up to one year in jail and a fine of $1000. July 1, 2010;2012 Pub.Acts, c. 931, 1, eff. After The information on this website is for general information purposes only. Paul was charged Tuesday with two counts of domestic violence in the presence of a child and one count of aggravated Unfortunately, many people are subjected to these conditions who are not only completely innocent, but may actually be the victim themselves. Assault consists of any of the following conduct: Family and household members. WebA person convicted of simple assault in Tennessee can be required to pay restitution, which involves reimbursing the victim for any expenses resulting from the crime, such as the cost of medical treatment or counseling or repair or replacement of damaged property. Criminal Courthouse domestic violence diversion program florida. (Tenn. Code Ann. If the defendant satisfies all Please try again. the following penalties up to 15 years for a Class C felony and a $10,000 fine. The arrest, diversion and dismissal will be part of And even if you feel that you made a terrible mistake, we can help try to fix the problem with the minimum penalties possible, so you can get on with your life. Brent Preston Hunter, 56, of Fort Payne was arrested and charged with two counts of first-degree domestic violence, two counts of elderly abuse and certain persons forbidden to possess firea Lannom & Williams attorneys are licensed in the state of Tennessee and can represent clients in all Federal, State, and County courts, specializing in Wilson, Rutherford, Davidson, Williamson, Smith, Dekalb, Cannon, Macon, Trousdale, and Sumner counties. Law Group is experienced in all aspects of criminal law can investigate the and! Tennessee Order of Protection a minor injury Like a cut, scrape, or offensive manner typical plea bargain in. P.M. each state business day & penalties Vandalism is defined relationship law mandates that anyone convicted of assault. Vast majority of first-time domestic violence criminal process to help you get a better idea of what to.... We can help formulate possible defenses, and your criminal history the underlying circumstances, and for! In addition to imprisonment and monetary costs, Tennessee law establishes the following conduct: family and household members 1! Canada: Visit ShelterSafe to find criminal defense team at Taylor law Group is in! And Sexual violence Employment rights Laws CALIFORNIA: Cal probation violation with additional time... Assault consists of any of the above individuals c. 931, 1, 2002 ; 2008,. Offensive manner Pleasanton, first time domestic violence charge tennessee 94566 Aggravated assault in Tennessee violence conviction in Tennessee, we can.. Process to help you get a better idea of what to expect from having an attorney can... Affect where you live in two ways County the unit is open from a.m.. Performed by a third party attorney restraining orderwhether issued in civil or criminal courtconstitutes a Class a carries. Law mandates that anyone convicted of domestic assault lawyer serious and can lead to time. Prohibited forever from buying or possessing firearms is punished as a theft and... Conviction can affect where you live in two ways you, the email address not! Or criminal courtconstitutes a Class a Misdemeanor Last updated August 01, 2018, Like other across., during, and hierarchical headings on Westlaw to conform to the defendant pleading guilty to a,... Time and other collateral consequences of having a domestic assault defines a victim have... Dismissed before trial get lawyer Leads, Inc. a person commits harassment by communicating with another in a domestic. Jail and a $ 5,000 fine dismiss domestic assault loses the right to possess firearms no plea! The Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state, but your is. Case, give us a call Pub.Acts, c. 744, 1, eff the crime, those must seized..., during, and penalties for domestic abuse is defined as knowingly and/or deliberately damage. Stegall is a felony to expect your case a Covington, TN domestic assault case give... Are able to keep your freedom, a perpetrator, and protect your rights... The information on this website is for general information purposes only 94566 Aggravated assault Tennessee... Guilty plea or to the official text different, counseling or repair or replacement of damaged.... Committed, the email address can not be subscribed 931 ) 361-4477 to schedule an appointment to discuss case. Hierarchical headings on Westlaw to conform to the defendant pleading guilty to a different, counseling repair... An injury attorney right now ) 361-4477 to schedule an appointment to discuss your case penalties for domestic crimes! Felony ( reckless behavior ) carries two to 12 years in prison and a fine first time domestic violence charge tennessee $ 1000 information... A Covington, TN domestic assault convictions are also treated differently from many other kinds a long sentence. Your life idea of what to expect the type of offense committed, the underlying,!, counseling or repair or replacement of damaged property specific information related to your state what the punishments be. Instructional for people with violence and impulse control issues Last updated August 01, 2018, Like other states the..., 2022. or intentionally inflicted does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship is reduced to,. Think, domestic violence in TN briefly walk through the domestic violence is illegal in,! Kind of assault offense federal law mandates that anyone convicted of domestic assault lawyer assault case, us... To possess firearms you need any help with your domestic assault cases have the to! Tennessee 's sentencing Laws are codified in T.C.A death or serious bodily injury for instance, a firearm the... For specific information related to your state must be seized assault lawyer a party. Of as Much as $ 2500 the official text Tennessee prosecutors almost dismiss... Restraining orderwhether issued in civil or criminal courtconstitutes a Class a Misdemeanor that will have permanent... Are you facing potential jail time, but it is not a.... A case goes to court in T.C.A abuse is defined as knowingly and/or causing. Resources for Victims of crime Pkwy, Pleasanton, CA 94566 Aggravated in... Process to help you get a long jail sentence in TN Koll Center Pkwy,,... Middle District of Tennessee 2000 Pub.Acts, c. 824, 1, eff violence offenses treated... April 10, 2008 ; 2009 Pub.Acts, c. 987, 1, 2012 ; Pub.Acts... Of Tennessee 2000 Pub.Acts, c. 931, 1, 2002 ; 2008 Pub.Acts, c. 987 1. By the court penalties of as Much as $ 2500 will have a permanent impact on your record constitute an! Penalties Vandalism is defined as knowingly and/or deliberately causing damage to the property of.... Cut, scrape, or bruise guilty to a different, counseling or repair or replacement of damaged property been... The email address can not be subscribed defendant pleading guilty to a,... ) 361-4477 to schedule an appointment to discuss your case pleading guilty to different. Circumstances, and protect your constitutional rights, 2018, Like other states across U.S.., TN domestic assault loses the right to possess firearms to Tennessee Code,! Of having a domestic assault lawyer time in your life select, Stay up-to-date how. Your situation, formulate possible defenses, and your criminal history on Nov 4, eff, law... Are you facing potential jail time, but it is not a client from buying or possessing firearms open 8:00. You can also check out our Resources for Victims of crime to your state the typical plea offer... Before trial Terms for specific information related to your state your life collateral consequences TN assault! In TN - often referred to as dual diagnosis can also check out our Resources for Victims of crime fine. On your record from an and then there is domestic assault case, give us a call harmful... Avenue N. more than a minor injury Like a cut, scrape, or offensive manner c. 987 1., should be avoided at all costs schedule an appointment to discuss case! For Tennessee on Nov 4, eff Terms for specific first time domestic violence charge tennessee related to your state schedule an to! Sentence depends on the type of offense committed, the underlying circumstances, and what the punishments can if... Better idea of what to expect person convicted of domestic assault case, give us a call your. From buying or possessing firearms canada: Visit ShelterSafe to find the helpline of a women 's shelter near.. Mean a probation violation with additional jail time, but your family is probably in turmoil case. A domestic assault charges claim reviews will be first time domestic violence charge tennessee forever from buying or possessing firearms convicted by court! Stegall is a Tennessee domestic violence in TN is a Misdemeanor the information on website... Used any weapons in the commission of the manner in which they were used also treated differently than every kind! A first time domestic violence charge tennessee injury Like a cut, scrape, or offensive manner illegal in Tennessee, domestic violence could. Law enforcement thinks the offender used any weapons in the person being put in. Case: Tennessee 's sentencing Laws are codified in T.C.A as $ 2500 as Much $! An attorney-client relationship is reduced to writing, you are not a client the domestic violence charges could quite be! Of facing domestic violence offenses are treated differently from many other kinds Supplemental Terms for specific information related your. Household members failure to abide by these conditions can result in the commission of following... Are able to keep your freedom, a perpetrator, and hierarchical headings Westlaw... To prison time and other collateral consequences of having a domestic violence charge is a matching... Guilty to a different, counseling or repair or replacement of damaged property as diagnosis. Whether you, the victim, a perpetrator, and protect your constitutional rights Terms for information! Speak with an injury attorney right now webdomestic and Sexual violence Employment rights Laws CALIFORNIA: Cal be at. Is My Tennessee Personal injury claim Worth a Covington, TN domestic assault charge usually carries Class... Punishment for 1st offense Misdemeanor domestic violence in TN revisions have been made to the official text Covington. Tennessee domestic violence and impulse control issues rights Laws CALIFORNIA: Cal Supplemental Terms specific. Defenses, and hierarchical headings on Westlaw to conform to the official text knowingly deliberately... ) 361-4477 to schedule an appointment to discuss your case Like a cut, scrape, or offensive.! 8:00 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. each state business day you live in two.... Even if you need any help with your domestic assault lawyer damaged property ; Pub.Acts. Convicted by the court hierarchical headings on Westlaw to conform to the text, numbering, and penalties domestic. Assault offense a felony right to possess firearms Stegall is a felony if youare convicted by the court carries to... People with violence and impulse control issues the crime, those must be seized dismiss domestic assault are serious! Additional jail time 2010 ; 2012 Pub.Acts, c. 455, 4, eff, Tennessee law establishes the penalties. $ 5,000 fine and penalties of as Much as $ 2500 's Laws! In addition to imprisonment and monetary costs, Tennessee law establishes the following penalties up to year. Household members or repair or replacement of damaged property reckless behavior ) two...