Ren BZ, Liu W, Zhang JW, Dong ST, Liu P, Zhao B. The result leaves us with a sample of 96 high-growth and 96 most similar low-growth regions. Although population is growing, the city aims to improve air quality by encouraging public transportation and reducing car traffic by 20% from 2001 to 2018 (European Union 2016). 2021 Nov 23;15:11786302211060162. doi: 10.1177/11786302211060162. Guidance to experiment on chemical control in crop plants View Effect of Population Density on Plant Growth Inquiry Activity.pdf from BIOL 1010 at Clarksville Academy. Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions (nama_r_e3gdp). As showed in Fig 3, CV and G in all treatments increased before rewatering to 8 days after rewatering. It is noted here that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed by plant biomass during photosynthesis. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between leaf ZR content and ZR content in xylem sap. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. During the drought stress period, one group under each PPD treatment received sufficient water supply, and the other group was subjected to drought stress. In addition, the lagged dependent variable (LDV) yi,t-1 captures the unobserved time-constant causes that led to differences between regions in the first place and also controls for a Matthew effect. (Urban land cover change occurs more often in areas that are already highly urbanized.) In any case, there are no reasons to believe that for a specific ecosystem under pressure from human population growth, it matters whether the additional people were born within some specific borders or somewhere else. By contrast, Denmark, Germany, and the Czech Republic largely reduced the emission of CO2. We estimate a spatial lag model (see Ward and Gleditsch 2008; LeSage and Pace 2009), where a spatially lagged dependent variable is added to the model. Environmental Protection Agency (2006). Therefore, two growth periods were established to detect compensatory growth during post-drought rewatering under different PPDs. The experiment included five planting densities in which the plant spacing was 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 cm with the same spacing (50 cm) between rows. During the 8 days of rewatering, compensatory growth during post-drought rewatering occurred in corns with high PPD; however, such compensatory growth did not occur in corns with low PPD. Population density is a poor measure of population pressure, and redistributing population would be a dangerous pseudosolution to the population problem. Hamburgs city leaders have made raising awareness about air quality among its residents a priority and have ambitious climate protection goals that aim to reduce Hamburgs CO2 emissions by 40% by 2020 and by 80% by 2050. In: King EM, Hill MA, editors. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Application of 13 kg P/ha increased most growth and yield attributes and increased the grain yield significantly over the control to which no P was given; however, no additional increase was obtained when 26 kg P/ha was given. Cramer J. The relation between population and environmental degradation is often considered straightforward: More people should have a greater impact on the environment, if all other factors (such as per capita consumption) remain unchanged. In addition to the spatial lag model, we also estimate a spatial error model and a spatial lag model where the independent variables are lagged as well. Mean GDP growth rates are 4.0% over the observed period of time in both groups; only in terms of initial population size (652,000 vs. 548,000) the average values differ somewhat. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Crop growth rate (CGR) was the highest with the population of 80,000 ha 1 receiving 220 kg N ha 1, while relative growth rate (RGR) showed an opposite trend of CGR. If the proliferation rate is positive and increasing then there is a weak Allee effect. Gorrenflo LJ, Corson C, Chomitz KM, Harper G, Honzk M, zler B. . Received 2016 Jul 27; Accepted 2018 Mar 26. As described above, we use two operationalizations for environmental degradation: urban land use growth and CO2 emissions. 2013; Liddle 2014). Too many people? Seto KC, Fragkias M, Gneralp B, Reilly MK. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features Danish EcoCities: Six cutting-edge climate and energy cities. The same horizontal concentration for Tr was observed between WL and DL and between WH and DH during rewatering. For example, improvements to the citys incinerator/zero-carbon energy producer have decreased CO2 output by 60,000 tons per year, while investments into reforestation will begin absorbing nearly 14 tons of CO2 annually (City of Aarhus 2016). Leaf indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), abscisic acid (ABA), and, Fig 6. *p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001, Predictors of change in CO2 emissions (in kilotons) in 1033 European NUTS-3 regions between 2000 and 2008, all regions and by location in Eastern or Western Europe. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. The dataset contains estimates for total CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion (excluding emissions from organic carbon, large-scale biomass burning, aviation, and shipping, as these cannot be directly attributed to human activity within the region) for the years 2000 and 2008. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. MeSH Size variability and one-sided competition of shoots and stools, Size variability and competition in plant monocultures, Effect of different water supply regimes on growth and size hierarchy in spring wheat populations under mulched with clear plastic film, Effect of water deficits on within-plot variability in growth and grain yield of spring wheat in northwest China. More people lead to a greater demand for accommodations and trafficthe question is whether this direct effect is empirically suppressed by other mechanisms as outlined above. PPD continues to receive considerable research attention given that it is the basic attribute of crop populations. Careers. In the regression fitting model of planting density and yield, the highest yield was achieved at the planting density 240 000-260 000 plant/ha. Response of vegetative growth and fruit development to regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages of pear-jujube tree. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Instead, our research objective is to assess the total effect (i.e., direct and indirect effects) from population growth on the environment in Europe. Habitat suitability was then used in a population dynamics model that incorporated between-catchment dispersal and local population growth. Europe also includes considerable variation with regard to changes in emissions and land use. Despite its significance in mung bean production, the effects of RKN on the growth, yield, and rhizobial nodulation in mung bean have rarely been investigated. Similar phenomena were also observed in the current study. Population density is usually shown as the number of people per square kilometer. The .gov means its official. The effect of population densities on the growth rate and metal (nickel) accumulation capacity of Lemna gibba (Lemnaceae) was studied under laboratory conditions. An official website of the United States government. As a result of a reform of regional boundaries in the German state of Saxony, most regions in Saxony are missing from the analysis (note the white area on the maps). With regard to CO2 emissions, the differences are similarly large (see Fig. This is particularly the case if income levels rise and households can afford larger homes (Patacchini et al. Many mechanisms driving urbanization of previously undeveloped land exist in the absence of population growth: Investors seek to build out-of-center retail facilities on cheaper building sites, and many families prefer detached houses in the green periphery (ibid.). Effect of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial strain that survives drought stress on corn compensatory growth upon post-drought rewatering. [Effects of drought and rewatering on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and root architecture of citrus seedlings.]. The mechanism of compensatory growth during post-drought rewatering has been investigated in numerous crops, including maize, wheat, Kentucky bluegrass, and cotton [69]. As Laurie Mazur (2012, p. 2) writes, if we increase by 30% by 2050, we must swiftly reduce our collective impact by a third just to maintain the disastrous status quo. The formal expression of this idea is the famous IPAT decomposition (Holdren and Ehrlich 1974), where humans environmental impact (I) is conceived to be a product of population size (P), per capita affluence (A), and technology (T) per unit of affluence. Model 1 reports an ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation based on the following equation: In a second model, we consider spatial autocorrelation: Regions are likely influenced by neighboring areas because of, e.g., commuter networks between regions, leading to a correlation in error terms among nearby regions. https://stateofgreen.com/files/download/135, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/winning-cities/previous-finalists/brussels/index.html, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_r_pjanaggr3&lang=en, http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_r_e3gdp&lang=en, http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2010/data/papers/2264.pdf, Urban fabric as percentage of total land use in 1990, Urban fabric as percentage of total land use in 2006, Growth in urban fabric between 1990 and 2006 in percentage points, Mean annual population growth in % between 2000 and 2008, Per capita gross domestic product in 2000, Region has coastline (1) or is landlocked (0). The study was conducted under a rain shelter in pots filled with sand. Rewatering also increased ZR concentrations in leaves and xylem saps, and high leaf cytokinin concentration increased corn growth. Dietz T, Rosa EA. Bookchin (1996, p. 30) suggests that [t]he population problem has a Phoenix-like existence: it rises from the ashes at least every generation and sometimes every decade or so. But this is also true about the depopulation problem, which has recurred periodically over the last centuries (see Teitelbaum and Winter 1985). With regard to urban growth, Lambin et al. It is an average number. CLC2006 technical guidelines. During the rewatering period, the average photosynthetic rate of rewatering corns was 27.20% higher than wet corns under high PPD and only 15.31% higher than wet corns under low PPD. Huang P. Over-breeders and the population bomb. The biggest theoretical challenges to PE research arguably lie in the insufficient knowledge about interactions and feedbacks between population, environment, and other factors. History of population theories. This finding was attributed to cytokinin regulating leaf stomatal conductance and leaf stomatal opening contributing to plant photosynthesis. 2008). Benfield, K. (2011). For instance, Siedentop and Fina (2012) find that country-specific drivers of urban land use are important beyond demographic and economic variables; this distinction cannot be made in global country-level analyses. Basten S, Huinink J, Klsener S. Spatial variation of sub-national fertility trends in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. By studying the population of spring wheat, Pan et al. After xylem sap extraction, all of the xylem sap collected in the 5 ml centrifuge tube was immediately injected into a solid-phase extraction C-18 column (Waters Corporation, USA), blow-dried with nitrogen and then stored at80C for the future measurement of hormone concentrations. The world's population growth normally follows a sharp upward trend, and the rate of population growth also increases sharply. Population and development: The demographic Transition. [10] found that corn (Zea mays L.) production is drastically affected by the combination of high PPD and water stress. This change in age structure can also be accompanied by changing aspirations and preferences for accommodation (e.g., larger living space) and consumption, as has happened, for instance, in China in recent decades (Zhu and Peng 2012). Figure1 displays average annual population growth rates between 2000 and 2008 for all regions. 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