study concludes that grounded theory methodology contains elements of positivism, hermeneutics, and pragmatism. Regardless, the failure to report a philosophical perspective underpinning the use of GTM speaks to problems with methodological congruence. There are also a range of second-generation approaches to GTM, whereby researchers have expanded upon the original work and developed their own perspectives on GTM (see Morse et al., 2009, 2021). 2016-03-14 3-5), Yes. 13, No. However, there are clearly areas for improvement. From a Straussian perspective, literature can be used throughout all stages of a study, but again analysts should be careful about imposing preconceived ideas onto data (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Diagrams or figures may aid the explanation, but it is also essential to explain the theory in the text of an article. painstaking and effective editorial work on an earlier version. The use of an iterative process (i.e. Sustainable project management is challenging since it tends to be either qualitative or quantitative; hence, the identification of the appropriate research method is a hard task for a researcher. Other researchers asked participants for feedback (e.g. As such, scholars have suggested that the original Glaser and Strauss GTM is most strongly underpinned by objectivism and closest to positivist approaches (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 2). In the following sections, we provide a brief explanation of each criterion and discuss some of the key findings vis--vis each criterion. We also found that constructivist approaches were widely used in GTM studies, along with interpretive and pragmatic approaches. GTM is an umbrella term that refers to a spectrum of methodological approaches that share some common properties and aims (see Bryant & Charmaz, 2007, 2019). Writing recently about Glaserian GTM, Nathaniel (2020) suggested that grounded theories are not highly complex and dense. Webhttp://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR16-6/age.pdf Grounded Theory Methodology: Positivism, Hermeneutics, and Pragmatism Lars-Johan ge Stockholm School of Economics, If so, we should not judge the results, We will try to illuminate these methodological issues by demonstrating, how we have redef'med the evaluation criteria in light of the procedures of, grounded theory methodology. Virginia Olesen, Leonard Schatzman, Joseph Schneider, Hans-Georg Soeffner, and Leigh Star, whose often detailed comments on earlier drafts appreciably aided. Somewhat contrary to the notion of theoretical sensitivity, some researchers suggested that they did not impose their theoretical knowledge onto the analysis or attempted to maintain objectivity (e.g. Theoretical saturation was reported or addressed in 22 articles. This can lead the researcher to be insensitive to the development of theory from the data, modifying and seeing everything from this one angle (p. 46). consistency with philosophical principles). Charmaz & Belgrave, 2013; Timonen et al., 2018) have argued that these texts had objectivist underpinnings, based on an understanding that there is an objective, external reality which can be discovered by the researcher. endstream endobj 535 0 obj <>/Metadata 44 0 R/Outlines 57 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 529 0 R/StructTreeRoot 66 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 536 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 537 0 obj <>stream Constant comparison was reported in all 35 articles. She proposed that to gain theoretical sensitivity, we look at studied life from multiple vantage points, make comparisons, follow leads, and build on ideas (p. 135). 0000004174 00000 n The sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity was sometimes lacking in the studies we reviewed. For example, if a study refereed to theoretical sampling, it was coded as having addressed this procedure. In tandem with theoretical sampling, it may be useful to include diagrams of the iterative process (see Holt et al., 2012). The principles have associated basic questions, which we consider fundamental issues researchers should ask themselves and critically ensure they have reported in their manuscripts. GTM is a qualitative research methodology founded on the premise that theory is indispensable for generating deep knowledge of social phenomena (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). }< l;Nnpx-q. 82 0 obj endstream H\j0z Interview guide based on an extensive review of relevant research (, Reported using a conditional/consequential matrix, which encouraged theoretical sensitivity, with exploration between macro and micro themes that had emerged from the data analysis (, initial coding then conceptualized emerging themes into categories, memos, conditional/consequential matrix (, Literature provided a loose framework for initial interview guides (, Focus coding, development of theoretical categories, memos, diagrams (pp. endstream endobj 309 0 obj<>/Size 278/Type/XRef>>stream Second, we renamed fit, work, relevance, and modifiability as assessment of grounded theory to more inclusive of different approaches to GTM. endstream endobj 289 0 obj<> endobj 290 0 obj<>stream In the absence of an iterative process, the full use of constant comparison in analysis is constrained (Holt & Tamminen, 2010a). This is not surprising, Coding, which should be consistent with the variant of GTM used, can move beyond the basic coding techniques and embrace other analytic strategies that enable the research to think theoretically about the data (which should be done from the start of the study; Corbin & Holt, 2005). Did you conduct an armchair walkthrough when planning the study? HtTKo0W(eYEQiu:anay q$MeJ"I Azjma% The iterative process is a hallmark of GTM. Abstract and Figures. However, in a book chapter, Strauss and Corbin (1994) rejected a positivist position of there being an external reality, instead highlighting that from their perspective truth is enacted (p. 279). The approach used was unclear in one article (Tshube & Feltz, 2015). ; true We also acknowledge that our criteria are somewhat of a checklist rather than an assessment of how well procedures and techniques have been applied. From our own perspective, we would argue that the idea of the researcher ignoring the literature is misleading and unfeasible for contemporary research. !BZr(*Xt8RdZBT+5LMb TN6AJGIQ.H kJ%R"e:AiIwf $ tnE;[%eY`R>{zD&M]|<>YuWE9,b}RM{x }~z!o77MCb`)X6$Vb,gC -.E4'XYo5+|CQrj w/1P&|>W@;fa=a)r~%|W`l xRv@p@5^BkxzC)N{xcp]UK4: W"(6E.Q.X%_K/\c/T=6#~%868/g,X%Z FrKw(@KrKzE G Mn2 #]jdwQI0pGu*R[tw7Mk#O#zwnv*U}(#'uMpvp~? Bird & Karageorghis, 2020) because our purpose was to review the sport psychology literature in this rapid review. Theoretical saturation is more than data saturation, and is a relative and problematic concept (which should be acknowledged; Low, 2019). How. 0000008092 00000 n Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009). -EqH6`i!81Ld8}u|JjpG Ec?WC] The statistical population included sports management professors, sport oRS}pNhsQ!Xb+%UG,/;H Some articles involved the use of a critical friend as a sounding board to examine interpretations of data (e.g. Tshube and Feltz (2015) engaged in open, axial, and selective coding but referred to using a blind coding approach (p. 110). Furthermore, rapid reviews produced in a short timeframe do not employ as much rigour as would be applied in a systematic review (Khangura et al., 2012). The title of each article in each journal was assessed. Theoretical sampling was not used/reported in 12 articles and unclear in one article. This is a risk because, in the absence of methodological congruence, qualitative research can be sloppy and unscientific (Mayan, 2009, p. 17). 0000005783 00000 n 2We wish to thank Kathy Charmaz, Adele Clarke, Uta Gerhardt, Barney Glaser, David Maines. Grounded theory has become one of the most commonly used qualitative research methodologies (Birks & Mills, 2015; Bryant & Charmaz, 2007; Morse, 2009; Collins & Durand-Bush, 2019). In some studies, both participants and experts were asked to provide feedback (e.g. First, it is important to note that the term coding is deceptively simple and it always involves abstracting and defining data with a conceptual label. Helen Noble,1 Gary Mitchell2 Introduction Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory,1 which is grounded in To do this we have first to explicate some of, the procedural steps of grounded theory. Charmaz, 2006). Summarize key ideas for sampling in qualitative studies by comparing the recommended sampling, how can a researcher's paradigm can influence the use of a grounded theory method? GTM is a qualitative research methodology founded on the premise that theory is indispensable for generating deep knowledge of social phenomena (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). H\@w+c$dw%8y c)o)jdj~9uMM0p$M5\1g.4$eiq:OwmcxNoS?_8 fe6SV_k} &]x1|yp&LuI$o[W]OIcjo3r^\+r~#EcQEs%[dKcR+j Z-@K%O` (2020), we added the criterion of philosophical framework. the absence of an iterative process driven by theoretical sampling, which is a hallmark of GTM). Although several studies did not meet our full list of criteria, as the following discussion of their techniques and procedures will show, there appears to be more methodological completeness in the literature now compared to the results of previous reviews of GTM (i.e. Theoretical sensitivity was further enhanced by being a relative outsiders within high performance tennis centres (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, conditional/consequential matrix, diagrams, memos (pp. Poucher et al. endstream endobj startxref Charmaz (2006) suggested theoretical sensitivity is developed through the act of theorizing itself. H2z j endstream endobj 538 0 obj <>stream In the first application of this new approach, Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1965) published Awareness of Dying, a study of death and dying in Californian hospitals. Theory, Positivism, Hermeneutics, Pragmatism. 7M~t{K)s cayv! Glaser and Strauss (1967) originally suggested researchers should at first, literally ignore the literature of theory and fact on the area under study (p. 37). In coming to this conclusion, the study clarifies the degree to which these three perspectives are found within Glaserian grounded theory methodolog Key Words: Grounded y. k j /)!X This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 42 pages. Grounded theory is a suitable research methodology to develop theory for three reasons. Have you clearly reported an iterative process? The assessment of the grounded theory should be addressed. 534 0 obj <> endobj endobj uuid:d9fd0bd1-1dd1-11b2-0a00-d300a8efd6ff Theoretical sampling (i.e. Recent work driven by Corbin (e.g. When you use family systems theory to predict how family relationships function, is it as clear what variables you. First, it is important to emphasize that the philosophical underpinnings of GTM have evolved over time (and may continue to evolve in the future). endstream endobj 435 0 obj <>stream Using modified grounded theory for conducting systematic research study on sustainable project management field. researchers to spell out their own procedures (Cf, Miles and Huberman, 1984; End of preview. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their re-, search? Informed by the results of the rapid review, our own knowledge, and previously published advice (e.g. 3099067 They drew on Bryant (2017) to remind researchers that methodological statements need to be presented, treated, and understood as heuristics and not algorithms (p. 60). Demonstrate methodological congruence and articulate how the philosophical perspective influences all aspects of the study design. %PDF-1.6 % <> 0000002731 00000 n 73 0 obj Purposeful sampling can be a starting point, but theoretical sampling is a cornerstone of GTM. The Straussian coding approach is very detailed and technical (Weed, 2017) and involves coding techniques and a range of other analytic tools (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). We also acknowledge that other scholars view GTM as more methodologically dynamic. and Boswell, E. (in press). Please note: We are unable to provide a copy of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? Theoretical sampling (reported in 22 of 35 articles), theoretical saturation (reported in 22 of 25 articles) and assessment of theory (reported 22 of 35 articles) were the least frequently used techniques and procedures. Overall, the methodological completeness of GTM studies in sport psychology appears to have improved over the past decade. In using a set of characteristics to define properties of GTM, we are entering what Charmaz (2006) described as ambiguous terrain (p. 180). A total of 35 GTM articles were retained for analysis (see Figure 1). <> H\0@&8 #x?mtk-^[{F8m6u/k_EMrk4}W]kOpNs]f^y_G_iw}5u)baxH;EN6no7>o]4v\Kbk1ggaHb[|&,?~zg !*wh rbw@9. In broad terms, GTMs are systematic and flexible approaches for collecting and analysing qualitative data in order to construct theories that are grounded in the data (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2015). Corbin & Strauss, 2015) more strongly endorses the reflexive role of the researcher and soften[s] the application of technical procedures as outlined in previous editions of the Strauss and Corbin method (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 3). the iterative process), but coding techniques (and other analytic strategies) are flexible. Theoretical concepts appeared to have been used to frame study and concepts appear to have been used within analysis, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, diagrams, and memos (, Used theoretical concepts to frame study. Did you report how you assessed the grounded theory outcome? Whereas there is some benefit in associating each variant with a philosophical position, the philosophical underpinnings of GTM are more nuanced than simple classification. Presumably, researchers who aim at such different goals will, use at least somewhat different procedures. We selected what we deemed to be the leading journals that published sport psychology studies. However, we caution that those articles that did not clearly adopt theoretical sampling may have been somewhat limited in the extent to which constant comparison was fully applied. More concerning was that theoretical saturation was not addressed in 13 articles, which is problematic from a theory-building perspective. Researchers must fulfill various institutional requirements such as writing detailed research proposals, scholarship applications, and gaining research ethics board approvals and therefore it is necessary to engage with the extant literature to justify a study (Conlon et al., 2015; Foley & Timonen, 2015). In this paper we describe and assess the use of grounded theory methodology (GTM) in sport psychology over the past 11 years based on the results of a rapid review. Y:Q\yL;O58JN3lk ` 437438). Modified Grounded Theory. Cartigny et al., 2019; Elliott et al., 2020; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Russell et al., 2020; Whitley et al., 2018). endobj For Corbin and Strauss (2015), theory denotes a set of well-developed categories (themes, concepts) that are systematically developed in terms of their properties and dimensions and interrelated through statements of relationship to form a theoretical framework that explains something about a phenomenon (p. 62). 0 Silverman (2011a) identifies three aspects that are essential to working with grounded theory; Coding through memo-writing Theoretical sampling Generating theories grounded in your data 64 . Have you used basic coding techniques (and memos) associated with variant of GTM selected? HWr++pY'p00 (+z6OvAdee6kO^Fo^OOyyNo2%vz{i|w/.7I>et.uvmw:MvUl.g`/:1-6?g>RY)=GgVCyp}3>{xm7B-;qI}MfNlMw,uC,u[S(pTh`}}fp!z83$TR8K0t1R:F\!K)d C K T O T H E TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S. There is no formal definition for a rapid review (Tricco et al., 2015) but in general terms it can be regarded as a type of knowledge synthesis in which components of the systematic review process are simplified or omitted to produce information in a short period of time (Khangura et al., 2012). PDF | Babchuk, W.A. congruence between epistemological and ontological viewpoints, theoretical positioning, and methods selected: Mayan, 2009; Morse, 1994) of a study. For the current rapid review, and following the work Poucher et al. Corbin and Strauss (2015) make only one mention of theoretical sensitivity (p. 89), which is actually a reference to Glasers (1978) list of 18 coding families. Constant comparison the original technique upon which GTM is founded (Glaser, 1965) is interwoven with the iterative process and involves comparing incidents with incidents, data with data, concepts with concepts, in order to classify data and develop theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). consequential/ conditional matrix). Juliet Corbin, a former student who became a long-time collaborator with Strauss, made significant contributions to Straussian GTM. Within these articles, discussions of theoretical saturation were not particularly sophisticated; it was often limited to a statement regarding saturation supplemented with, occasionally, a short explanation of how it was achieved. She argued there are always new theoretical insights to be made as long as data continues to be collected and analyzed and suggested a need for a pragmatic definition of saturation that dispels the notion there can be an absolute or complete end point to the analysis. %%EOF Similarly, Holt and Tamminen (2010a) reported that the absence of theoretical sampling was a major constraint of the GTM articles included in their review. grounded theory, this article illustrates how a framework for a research study design can be used to guide and inform the novice nurse researcher undertaking a study 1 0 obj Groom et al., 2011; Massey et al., 2013; Porter et al., 2013; Slater et al., 2012). Recently, academic papers have revealed a lack of systematic approaches to conducting research in the sustainable project management field, an increasingly important area of study. Constructivist Grounded Theory, Grounded Theory, Theoretical Framework . GT is a systematic method developed by Glaser and Strauss, whose first book was published in 1967 and entitled, Discovery of Grounded endstream endobj 291 0 obj[308 0 R] endobj 292 0 obj<>stream 0 "n[ HHc`bdZ Thus, articles that reported some GTM techniques but did not claim the use of GTM as a methodology were excluded. 2016-03-14T10:23:48+05:30 For example, Weed (2017) described the Glaserian approach as realist-positivist, the Straussian approach as realist-interpretivist, and Charmazs approach as constructivist-interpretivist. 0000182341 00000 n joint coding and analysis to generate theory systematically), which became one of the key features of GTM. We argue that, other qualitative researchers might be similarly specific about their procedures, In this paper 2 We address three related methodological issues. Have you selected a specific variant of GTM? Initial coding, focused coding, concepts, Specifically addressed theoretical sensitivity and reported use of existing literature to affirm only partial understanding of talent development and career transitions in female soccer and develop initial questions and ideas for theoretical sampling (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, memos, diagramming (, Partial literature review following by later literature review (, line-by-line coding, focus coding. and memo writing (, Claimed that first authors previous work with participants allowed for greater sensitivity of the research team to the theoretical relevance of the emerging concepts (, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, concepts, and memos (, Theoretical concepts reported a priori, use of memos and creation of model a priori to ensure sensitivity and theoretical thinking (, Built on existing models of life skills and used existing theories and models as sensitizing concepts (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, memos, diagrams (, Guided by an operational definition of emotional abuse (, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding (, Previous research used to inform interview guide (, A priori literature review provided the authors of the current study with the theoretical sensitivity needed prior to beginning data collection and analysis (, Discussed influence of researcher on research process and reported the researcher need not enter the research process with an empty head but rather with knowledge of the area that increases rather than compromises theoretical sensitivity (, Line-by-line coding, generation of action codes, focused coding, formulation of theoretical meanings, memos (, Theoretical concepts used to frame study a priori.
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