The Fall of the Qing Dynasty Author Zhang Weiwei in The China Wave, Rise of a Civilizational State, argues that Japan became a national state during the Meiji Restoration, but China was unable to accomplish this due to its decline in the mid-19th century. Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911, also known as Ch'ing or Manchu, last of the Chinese dynasties. The essay's purpose was to explain to readers that the fall of the Qin dynasty was because of Chen She, who was the leader at the time of the fall. Explain how the Opium War increased western influence in China. An accidental bomb was set off by a group of young revolutionaries and it . The Manchu imposed some of their cultural traditions, such as the queue hairstyle, on Chinese society. China Condensed: 5000 Years of History and Culture. Your email address will not be published. In what ways did European imperialism contribute to the downfall of the Qing Dynasty in China? The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty to rule China. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What caused the fall of Qing Dynasty? What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The Qing dynasty was the last of China's imperial dynasties. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. the Manchus from Manchuria, northeast of the Great Wall), lasting for 268 years. He helped make it better and better with being strict where he needed to be. 46. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cause most people in China to get addicted to Opium. It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions. Studies of Chinese populations show that 97.4% of their genetic make-up is from ancestral modern humans from Africa, with the rest coming from extinct forms such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. and heralded the Bronze Age in China. Poverty led many to rebel against the Qing.. By 1912, a combination of internal and external factors had caused the once glorious dynasty to collapse. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Reasons for the collapse of the Ming Dynasty include rampant corruption and misappropriation of funds, influence of the eunuchs, economic breakdown due to scarcity of silver, natural disasters, rise of the Manchus, and rebellion by peasants (Erey, 1993). Qianlong ascended to the throne in 1735 and spent 60 years ruling China. Henry Puyi Painting also managed to thrive. The widow of Emperor Xianfeng, who ruled from 1851 to 1861, Cixi was regent for her infant son Tongzhi from 1862 to 1874, then for her three-year-old nephew Guangxu, who ruled for 46 years with Cixi considered the real power behind the throne. It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people. What are annual and biennial types of plants? Moreover, China's ancient foreign trade was more for political purposes, not for profit. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by a combination of factors, including an economic disaster due to lack of silver, a series of natural disasters, peasant uprisings, and finally attacks by the Manchu people. Answer (1 of 15): This is an easy onethe Qing Dynasty fell because it continued the failed policies of the preceding Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Some external causes included pressure from Western powers and the developments in ships and guns. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. They were known for their advances in math, astronomy, artwork and read more, The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasting from 1850 to 1864. Bamber Gascoigne. The Qing dynasty was first established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria (now the Northeast region of China). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. What caused the fall of the Qing empire? The fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by a combination of factors including an economic disaster due to lack of silver a series of natural disasters peasant. Explain what it means that the British had an unfavorable trade balance in china. Besides silk, the Chinese also exported (sold) teas, salt, sugar, porcelain, and spices. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Late in the Qing, the scenario that caused the most anxiety involved China becoming a wangguo (a "lost country," a term that inspired visions of a government losing sovereignty or a people . By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Kangxi ruled for 61 years, from 1662 to 1722, the longest of any Chinese emperor. Originally called Jurchens, they are the ethnic minority for whom the region of Manchuria is named. Qing Dynasty. Some external causes included pressure from Western powers and the developments in ships and guns. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Sun Yat-sen was the leader of the opposition that led several civil unrests to unseat the Qing Dynasty from ruling China. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. In 1917, there was a brief attempt to reinstate the Qing government, with Xuantog being restored for less than two weeks during a military coup that ultimately failed. It does not store any personal data. Cambridge Illustrated History of China. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Some external causes included pressure from Western powers and the developments in ships and guns. Revolution was the only solution to save China. Known for its trade expansion to the outside world that established cultural ties with the West, the Ming Dynasty is also remembered for its drama, literature and world-renowned read more, The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and followed by the Republic of China. Opium was also a major reason for the fall of the Qing Dynasty. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. During the Qing period, imperial China reached its zenith of power and influence. Activity Making Meaning of Community These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Kangxi also reduced taxes and stifled corruption and governmental excess. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. This led to significant growth in suicides of widows, and the creation of homes for widows where interaction with men was limited. He trimmed his own staff and expenditures significantly. Did the Ming Dynasty built the Great Wall? Szczepanski, Kallie. Bad harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disasters, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynastys collapse. The Shang ruled from 1600 to 1046 B.C. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, even after the dynasty fell it was not entirely destroyed, because the young child . ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? 3 What was the downfall of the Qing dynasty? FangYuan said: The Ming Dynasty under emperor YongLe was one of the most powerful periods in Chinese history. Among many concessions during negotiations, China was forced to give up Hong Kong to the British. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. #15. Shi HuangDi was such an autocratic leader which was the better for China. The origin of the name Japan is not certain, but researchers say it probably came from the Malayan Japung or the Chinese Riben, meaning roughly land of the rising sun. What Caused The Qin Dynasty To Fall? 45. Han people were also relocated from the power centers of Beijing. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. 1. the Ming's financial policies were backwards even by the standards of it's days, it tried to peg a hard value on it's paper currency which failed miserably, it minted far FAR less coins than the previous Song dynasty (which had a smaller population. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. https://www.history.com/topics/china/qing-dynasty. People were involved in Chinese politics at the same all had different opinion. Everything would be foreign controlled and Chinese under western domination would be the norm. The Dynasties of China. After the Empress Dowager died in 1908, Xuantong, known as The Last Emperor, took the throne, but he wouldnt reign long. It dates back to 221 BCE, when the First Emperor (Qin Shi Huangdi) first united China. https://www.patreon.com/Jabzyhttps://twitter.com/JabzyJoeQing Empire, Warlord Period, Sun Yat-Sen, Yuan Shikai, Warlord Era, Chinese History, China WW1, Boxe. Main Menu; by School; by Literature Title; by Subject; by Study Guides; Textbook Solutions Expert Tutors Earn. The empire existed only briefly from 221 to 206 B.C., but the Qin Dynasty had a lasting cultural impact on the dynasties that followed. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. If the Qing survived until today it would without a doubt be a western puppet, likely a British or American puppet. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? The Republic of China (ROC) from 1912 to 1949, commonly known as China, was a sovereign state based in mainland China prior to the relocation of its government to Taiwan.Republic of China (19121949). Cixi also executed Guangxus fellow reformers. In 1792 Great Britain sent a diplomat, Lord George Macartney (1737-1806), to present its demands to the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736-1796). 2 What does the textbook mean when it says the British had an unfavorable trade balance in China? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Surely however this cannot explain everything - peasants were always economically . Later that year the semi-nomadic Manchu people prevailed over the chaos and became the ruling Qing Dynasty. 2022 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The main internal causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty were political corruption, peasant unrest, and governmental incompetence. What was one of the major problems with the Qing dynasty? It is believed to be a borrowing from Middle Persian, and some have traced it further back to Sanskrit. Han men were required to cut their hair in Mongolian fashion or face execution. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The group seized the property of Christian missionaries, attracting militant followers, then moved into the cities, attacking and killing foreigners. It succeeded the Yuan dynasty and preceded the short-lived Shun dynasty, which was in turn succeeded by the Qing dynasty. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Major contributors to Qing's Fall would include European Imperialism and The Opium War in 1832-42 & 1856-1860. The imperial rule was weak and unable to unite the country because of weak policies, corruption, and several foreign invasions. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet read more, In 1974, peasants digging a well near the city of Xian, in Shaanxi province, China, stumbled upon a cache of life-size, terracotta figures of soldiers at what was later determined to be the burial complex of the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang (259 B.C.-210 read more, Chinese military and political leader Chiang Kai-shek joined the Chinese Nationalist Party (known as the Kuomintang, or KMT) in 1918. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Ports were leased to foreign powers, allowing them to operate within China according to their own laws, and opium addiction rose. Patricia Buckley Ebrey. Why did the Qing Dynasty decline and ultimately collapse and what role did the Western powers play in this process? The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. In the end, the Manchus' Qing Dynasty would rule China right up to the end of the imperial era, in 1911. From key contributing factors such as internal crisis, inability to adequately cope with foreign powers and incompetent rulers who were unable to rise from old tradition led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Former Ming clan members Zhu Da and Shi Tao became monks to escape governmental roles in Qing rule and became painters. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Qing Chinas Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty | Asia for Educators | Columbia University. Western countries sent troops, but Empress Dowager sided with the Boxers, declaring war on the West. He also believed that sorcerers were targeting Manchurians and created a system of torture to combat that, while also creating a program in which thousands of Chinese books that had even the slightest disparagement of Manchurians were destroyed. Over the 275 years of ruling China, the inevitable fall of the Qing Dynasty is still debated by historians. . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. And by the time the boy emperor took over, its glory days were over. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Qianlong was more preoccupied with artistic pursuits. Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty ruled by Han people. Following its conquest of India, Britain cultivated and exported opium to China, flooding the country with the drug. We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Concessions given to the British soon extended to other Western nations as well. What caused the downfall of the Qing Dynasty? Christian missionaries were allowed to flood the country, and western businessmen were free to open factories there. that this was the main cause for China's decline. Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911, also known as Ching or Manchu, last of the Chinese dynasties. Who was the last king of China? The revolutions occurred mainly due to individuals who saw the Qing Empire as pitiful and unworthy. The Qing was weakened by too many internal and external pressures and fell 10 years after the Boxer Rebellion. The main internal causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty were political corruption, peasant unrest, and governmental incompetence. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The White Lotus sect was suppressed after an eight-year rebellion, lasting from 1796 to 1804. What Caused The Ming Dynasty To Decline And Fall? Western forces defeated the Imperial Army and the Boxers in 1901, executing government members who had supported the Boxers and imposing sanctions that weakened the Qing rule. Han intellectuals attempted to criticize the rulers through literature; many were rounded up and beheaded. D'Addese 8. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The main internal causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty were political corruption, peasant unrest, and governmental incompetence. It is called china in English because it was first made in China, which fully explains that the delicate porcelain can be the representative of China. A second Opium War was waged from 1856 to 1860 against the British and the French, bringing more unequal agreements. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. It was initiated in 1644 by the Manchu, an ethnic group from the north who invaded Beijing and ousted the incumbent Ming Dynasty. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. It was an era. Pu Ren is the last surviving imperial family member since the death of Pu Yi in 1967 and his other brother, Pu Jie, last year. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Zhu Da embraced silence as he wandered across China and his depictions of nature and landscapes are imbued with manic energy. The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. Within weeks the Qing court agreed to the creation of a republic with its top general, Yuan Shikai, as president. On February 12, 1912 China's boy emperor, Hsuan T'ung, was forced . It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they read more, The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. In 1905, Sun united various revolutionary factions into one party with Japanese help and wrote the manifesto, the Three Principles of the People. The republic had ended a very long reign of imperial rule. Answer (1 of 3): It was a series of issues. In fact, the fall of the Qing dynasty facilitated modernization of China, however there were three main reasons which caused collapse of Qing dynasty: Empress Dowager Cixi, Opium war and rebellions during Qing period. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Bad harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disasters, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynastys collapse. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 6 What did the people of the Qing dynasty invent? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 7 How did Shi Huangdi make the Qin dynasty better? This, to a large extent, determined the decline of the northwest land silk road. The basic governmental structure established by the Ming was continued by the subsequent Qing (Manchu) dynasty and lasted until the imperial institution was abolished in 1911/12. Kangxi also stopped continuous invasion attempts by Tsarist Russia and brokered the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, which brought a vast area of Siberia into Chinese control and allowed him to stifle rebellion in Mongolia. After more than a century of Western humiliation and harassment, the Qing dynasty collapsed in the early 1900s. 2. ThoughtCo. The Eight Trigrams sect rose up in 1813, taking several cities and entering the Forbidden City before being defeated. Registered Member. The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. What were three main internal causes for the fall of the Qing Dynasty? In 207 BCE Qin Shi Huang's son was killed and the dynasty collapsed entirely. Even during the fall of the Qing dynasty, the ruler's attitude to foreign trade was still "to receive foreign gifts without paying a heavy price is a disgrace". Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Decentralization of power hurt both the Ottoman and the Qing - As local leaders gained power, collecting revenue became more difficult. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". He enacted policies that were favorable to farmers and stopped land seizures. Today, they are the fifth-largest ethnic group in China, following the Han Chinese, Zhuang, Uighurs, and Hui. This contends that the roads that were built helped people travel to their destination more easily and quickly. Why was Japans reforms more effective at resisting western imperialism than Chinas was? The main internal causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty were political corruption, peasant unrest, and governmental incompetence. Books were routinely banned, and theaters shut down. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. 2 What were three main internal causes for the fall of the Qing Dynasty? Internal changes played a major role in the downfall of the Qing dynasty, including: corruption, peasant unrest, ruler incompetence, and population growth which led to food shortages and regular famine. Evaluate the causes for the fall of the Qing Dynasty Intro In 1911 the last Chinese dynasty. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. What did the Qing Dynasty create? Many of the new Han subjects faced discrimination. The Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C. In 1911, the Nationalist Party of China held an uprising in Wuchang, helped by Qing soldiers, and 15 provinces declared their independence from the empire. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. In what ways did European imperialism contribute to the downfall of the Qing Dynasty in China? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. It flourished (initially) with a growth in foreign trade, art, and literature. The Eight Trigrams sect rose up in 1813, taking several cities and entering the Forbidden City before being defeated. The Chinese were dealing with all their problems, a weak government, and also influence and attacks from the outside all at once. What were two causes of the decline of the Qing Dynasty? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. 1 See answer Additionally, Kangxi oversaw an explosion in exports, particularly that of cotton, silk, tea and ceramics. . Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Known for its trade expansion to the outside world that established cultural ties with the West, the Ming Dynasty is also remembered for its drama, literature and world-renowned porcelain. Increased demand for purity in womenled to a mass refusal of men to accept widows as their brides. The Qing dynasty, also known as the Manchu dynasty, ruled over China for a period of 268 years from 1644 to 1912. Internal changes played a major role in the downfall of the Qing dynasty, including: corruption, peasant unrest, ruler incompetence, and population growth which led to food shortages and regular famine. It was the largest Chinese dynasty and in 1790 the fourth largest empire in world history in terms of territory. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) was the last Chinese dynasty, and the longest dynasty ruled by non-Han people (i.e. 1 What were two causes of the decline of the Qing Dynasty? Military confrontation became likely, and soon British forces shut down Chinese ports. Nationalism breaks apart the Ottoman Empire - Nationalist revolts supported by Britain and Russia lead to independence for Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. In the early 1800s, the Qing dynasty was starting to struggle. Despite this oppressive atmosphere, some creative work did gather attention, as with the poetry of Yuan Mei and Cao Xueqins novel Dream of the Red Chamber. All Rights Reserved. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Kangxi also squashed military threats, pushing back three Han rebellions and seizing Taiwan. Pu Ren is the last surviving imperial family member since the death of Pu Yi in 1967 and his other brother, Pu Jie, last year. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. The People of the Qing dynasty also invent many things. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Social mores became more conservative during the Qing reign, with worsened penalties for homosexuals. In 1644 the Chinese capital at Beijing was captured by the rebel leader Li Zicheng, and desperate Ming dynasty officials called on the Manchus for aid. The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. China's Qing Dynasty flourished during the 1800s, but by the turn of the century, its power and influence had begun to decline. The Manchus went on to found the Qing dynasty which ruled China from 1644 until 1912, when China swapped its emperors for a republic. Internal political and military threats created further instability for the Qing Dynasty. The main internal causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty were political corruption, peasant unrest, and governmental incompetence. The effects and influence of these factors culminated into the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. In power from 618 to 906 A.D., Tang China attracted an international reputation that spilled out of its cities and, through the practice of Buddhism, spread its culture across much of Asia. Why is the Qing Dynasty important? What internal problems threatened the Qing dynasty? What caused the end of the Qin Dynasty? In 1898, Guangxu tried to take on the role of reformer in an attempt to modernize China, but this effort was squashed by Cixi after several months.
Who Played Major Roles In The Fall Of Troy,
Beagle Imputation Manual,
Forgotten Magic Redone Xbox One,
Highest Point Crossword Clue 8 Letters,
Arsenal Academy Trials 2022/23,
Olfactory Sensation In Psychology,
Cd Torreperogil Vs Atletico Porcuna Cf,
Identifying And Analyzing Domestic And International Opportunities,
Pink Panther Guitar Tabs,