1). It was not until much later that silicon replaced most of the germanium in these electronic devices. It is used to make light . It is only toxic in large quantities and appears to have less mammalian toxicity than tin or lead compounds have. Today, common germanium element is obtained from the metal refining products and also from certain coal ashes. Aside for its uses in detector application, germanium is also beneficial in X-ray spectrometers. Germanium is one of the very first and popular semiconductor material. It is brittle. Germanium is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps. It is very reactive; therefore, it is not free occurring. This element is soluble in water, sulfides, and hydrofluoric acid. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. Posts. Germanium can treat leukaemia and lung cancers, therefore used as an alternative medicine to treat leukaemia and lung cancer patients. Impurities can alter the band structure, band gap, Fermi energy, and electron and hole concentrations of a semiconductor, just as dopants do in Extrinsic Semiconductors. Germanium is an earth element and is recovered from the ash of certain coals. Other great uses of germanium in everyday life, especially in electronics applications can be seen in the florescent lamps and solid state LED. This element either occurs as a sulfide or is associated with the mineral sulfides of other elements, particularly those of copper, zinc, lead, tin, and antimony. Germanium is a semiconductor and it also possesses the unique property of expansion on freezing like water. Explore germanium and its uses. Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. Germanium is also found in medical applications such as chemotherapy treatments. The germanium diode is also superior to silicon diode in terms of energy loss, current loss, etc. Germanium is widely used for gamma ray spectroscopy. The cost required to get a pure form of germanium is very high; therefore, it is more expensive than other elements. While an important step in the evolution of semiconductor materials, germanium . This article has tried to sum up all the information regarding germanium, which is very helpful for understanding the concept of germanium. Many industries have benefited from harnessing the properties of this element. Germanium is an important semiconductor, mainly used in transistors and integrated circuits. Other uses of this metalloid include the following: Germanium (with the chemical abbreviation Ge) is an element of the periodic table that belongs to the 14th group (the carbon group) and the 4th period. It is used in the manufacturing of weapon sightings and rectifiers as well. Ar 3d10 4s2 4p2. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. These are elements that have intermediate properties between metals and nonmetals. Germanium has 24 known isotopes with mass numbers range from 58 to 85. This graphic depicts a new electronic device created at Purdue that uses germanium as the semiconductor instead of silicon. Extrinsic semiconductors are impure semiconductors. In this product, germanium is able to decrease fire scale, improve the tarnish resistance and enhance the precipitation hardening. Why should a vessel operator keep a proper lookout quizlet? Germanium is also really easy to cut and polish to be produced as lenses or windows. What kind of crystal structure does germanium have? Germanium is insoluble in the acids and alkalis while it slowly dissolves in the hot sulfuric and nitric acids. Silicon-germanium alloys are used in high-speed integrated circuit design in the computer industry. It is placed Ans:- Germanium is mined from this argyrodite, germanite, biotite, coal, and renierite by the Los Almas natio Ans:- Germanium is more expensive than silver and gold. Sources Obtained from refining copper, zinc . Apart from its mass uses in optical and electronics applications, germanium also has many other uses in various fields like polymerization catalyst, metallurgy, chemistry and some other. It has the special properties where it can expand while it freezes just like water properties. Uses of Germanium. It is commonly doped with arsenic or gallium at the level of one part per 1010 for electronics. Germanium Uses. PubChem. This element has atomic number of 32 and atomic weight of 72.60. In compounds of germanium (where known), the most common oxidation numbers of germanium are: 4, 2, and -4. Get answers to the most common queries related to the NEET UG Examination Preparation. with a molecular formula of the form Si 1x Ge x. SiGe chips emerged as a variation of the stalwart complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors found in IBM's chips for 20 years. Despite to this fact, germanium is still used as semiconductor for the high speed and high performance integrated circuit applications. is classified as a metalloid. Its high transmittance . This also provides the latter a better resolution in energy. Indeed, here are uses of germanium in everyday life for various applications: Today germanium has been used extensively in the optical applications like in optical fibers, camera lens and microscopy. Germanium dioxide (GeO2) has many similar properties with silica (SiO2) and germanium dioxide making it perfect to replace silica stationary phase in gas chromatography columns. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Germanium. Its the semi metallic element with gray white color. Germanium is the great material choice as the wafers substrate multi junction photo voltaic cells. Germanium is widely used for gamma ray spectroscopy. Germanium is commonly used in the manufacture of fiber optics to transfer data and information. Therefore, they are used in infrared spectroscopes. Germanium is a semiconductor. Germanium is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps. A transformer works by Faraday's law of induction. It is often evaporated under vacuum to create layers in the production of optical storage media and optical coatings. Germanium is also used as an alloying agent, a catalyst, and as a phosphor for fluorescent lamps. Uses and properties A silvery-white semi-metal. It appears as a face-centred diamond cubic crystal structure. It is placed in group 14 between the metals and non-metals in the periodic table. You can find the uses of germanium in fiber optic system, solar cell, LED, polymerization catalyst, infrared optics and some more. And for the students, there will be the entire germanium concept in one place to go through it. The Atomic number of the germanium is 32. germanium is transparent to infrared radiations. Germanium is one material being considered to replace silicon in future chips because it could enable the industry to make smaller transistors and more compact integrated circuits. Ans:- The germanium present in the zinc ores is oxidizing and heated in the chlorine gas; then, they form germanium chloride. Lightly doped P and N type Germanium wafer can be also used for Hall effect experiment. The silicon crystal functions well in the temperature range of 140 C to 180 C, whereas the germanium functions reliably up to 70 C. The germanium fails at about 100C. Just like Francium element, the occurrence of germanium has been previously predicted by Dmitri Mendellev. Introduction to the Wheatstone bridge method to determine electrical resistance. It is used in the manufacturing of memory chips used in LED production. In fact, the debate over whether Ge or Si should be the primary material for semiconductor processing underlies the historical separation between William Shockley (who invented the point . The Germanium element is not doped with any impurities. In contrast, the synthetically derived germanium is water-soluble and has nephrotoxicity. This has supported the reduction in the size of computer parts. The melting point of the germanium is 938.250C. Other types of germanium alloys are used in goldsmithing for the enhancement of precious metals. Elements to the left of Group 14 have fewer than four electrons in the valence shell and tend to lose them (with their negative charges) to become positively charged ions, represented by the symbol for the element with a superscript indicating the number and sign of the charges; such elements are called metals. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 10 10. The conductivity of silicon lies between the conductivity limits of conductors and insulators. Uses. Significance and Uses. You can see this germanium use in synchrotron x-ray diffraction and other high energy X-ray applications. The semiconductor silicon serves as the base material for the microchip, also known as an integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit, a component used in almost every modern electronic device. Manage Settings Several germanium compounds are tested to use in pharmaceuticals but are not yet successful. Germanium commonly fills this role by serving as a catalyst. Germanium is a p- block element of the periodic table. A p-type semiconductor is a type of semiconductor. Despite germanium's starring role in the transistor's early history, it was soon supplanted by silicon. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Germanium can treat leukaemia and lung cancers. The largest use of germanium is in the semiconductor industry. As previously mentioned, germanium is a semiconductor, and many electronic devices previously used germanium as the semiconductor of choice. They are often made from germanium to which small amounts of arsenic, gallium, or other metals. Payroll Outsourcing Services; Corporate Secretarial Services But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. While initially, it has denied using germanium in all the types of applications or utilities, its abundance of use has explained it. In 1886, German chemist named Clemens A. Winkler successfully discovered germanium in the mineral sample from the silver mine. Germanium is not found abundantly on the earths crust. Germanium is preferable in optics applications due to its high refraction index and low optical dispersion properties. Ans:- Germanium is a chemical element expressed as Ge, and the atomic number of germanium is 32. The germanium name itself comes from the Latin language Germania which means Germany, the country where Winkler comes from. Germanium is widely used for gamma-ray spectroscopy. Actually, there are also other chemical elements having this special property like silicon, bismuth, gallium and antimony. Hence, it is an intrinsic semiconductor.So, Germanium is an example of an intrinsic semiconductor. Understand what germanium is, and see germanium on the periodic table. These elements have similar properties in that they all have 4 electrons in their last valence shell. When doped with small amounts of arsenic, gallium, indium, antimony or phosphorus, germanium is used to make transistors for use in electronic devices. But now, remarkably, the material is poised for a comeback. Two electrons are in the first orbit, eight electrons in the second, eighteen electrons in the third, and four electrons in the outer or valence orbit (See Fig. Home; History; Services. The number of valence electrons in a semiconductor material determines its conductivity. While naturally occurring germanium compounds are silicon and aluminium. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This boosts the amount of data and information that can be transferred. In fact, the combination of silicon and germanium was discovered by accident . Germanium is more expensive than silver and gold. It is highly demanded for its important applications. Germanium has been widely used for manufacturing of semiconductors. Germanium is chosen over the silicon due to its reflective properties. Semiconductor devices are nothing but electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor materials, like as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors. Electron and hole concentrations differ depending upon the nature of impure atoms. Germanium Facts Germanium Electron Affinity 119 kilojoules per mole State at 20 C Solid Discovery Discovered By: Clemens Winkler Year: 1886 Location: Germany Uses Widely used in semiconductors. This form constitutes an allotrope known as -germanium, which has a metallic luster and a diamond cubic crystal structure, the same as diamond. Germanium is a metalloid like silicon and as such is used to make semiconductor devices. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. The design of amplifiers for electric guitars and other instruments benefits from the use of germanium in transistors, boosting the sound quality. 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