Rbert Horvth, Henrik C. Pedersen, Nina Skivesen, Dvid Selmeczi, and Niels B. Larsen, Rbert Horvth,1 Fiber and waveguide based optical sensors have gained a high amount of interest since they show enormous potential for applications in various fields. 27(9) 689-691 (2002), Daniel Patko, Kaspar Cottier, Andras Hamori, and Robert Horvath Parker et al. Reproduced with permission [86]. Stretchable capacitive sensors of torsion, strain, and touch using double helix liquid metal fibers. Wang Z, Yi SY, Chen A, Zhou M, Luk TS et al. Cheng Y., Wang R., Sun J., Gao L. A stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-based fiber for sensing tensile strain, bending, and torsion. The recent advances in nanotechnology have created the need for the development of materials and devices with unique properties, suitable for applications in related areas such as nano-electronics, Recent development of optical gas sensing devices are reviewed. The waveguide design results in increased depth of penetration into the sample volume, which makes it suitable for detecting micrometer-sized biological objects. Copyright 2007, Optical Society of America; (f) Mechanical flexibility of a polylactic acid (PLA) film. By using the DAMZI with segmented electrode fabricated between the two . Guan T., Ceyssens F., Puers R. An EpoClad/EpoCore-based platform for MOEMS fabrication. The opticalbiosensor can use various biological materials, including enzymes, antibodies, antigens, receptors, nucleic acids, whole cells and tissues as biorecognition elements. 28 September2 October 2015; pp. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. Choi M., Choi J.W., Kim S., Nizamoglu S., Hahn S.K., Yun S.H. Copyright 2018, Wiley; (e,f) Wearable measurement of wrist pulses with the microfiber sensor. (a,b) Cell-encapsulated hydrogel waveguide implanted in living mice for toxicity sensing of cadmium-based QDs. To C., Hellebrekers T.L., Park Y.L. Figure also shows a photograph of the BioMFOS. reported a stretchable, gold-coated PDMS optical waveguide for wearable detection of human motions [82]. Reproduced with permission [84]. A monolithic PDMS waveguide system fabricated using soft-lithography techniques. Copyright 2011, National Academy of Sciences; (d) Photograph of fluorescent fibers in a glass vial. The silk waveguides printed in straight and wavy structures could effectively guide light in air with an optical loss of 0.25 dB/cm and 0.81 dB/cm, respectively, at 633 nm (Figure 2b,c). An optical waveguide sensor was fabricated by forming a multilayer film made by porous anodic alumina (PAA) and Al layers on a glass substrate. In addition to mechanical sensing, stretchable polymeric optical waveguides have also been investigated for wearable measurements of body temperature [64]. Figure inset shows the positions of the radial elements used in these tests. In this case, photocurable and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) resins are used for the core and cladding, respectively. The implementation of wearable sensors by using stretchable optical waveguides offer a promising approach to overcome the limitations above. Opt. Copyright 2019, Wiley; (b,c) Stretchable FBG sensor installed on an elastic kneepad to monitor various knee-related sports activities. DigiLens Inc. Oct 2018 - Nov 20213 years 2 months. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) as a material for fabricating microfluidic devices. In the simplest case this can be a mechanical system that blocks the light as the pressure increases. Lau D., Chen Z., Teo J.T., Ng S.H., Rumpel H., Lian Y., Yang H., Kei P.L. Cai Z., Qiu W., Shao G., Wang W. A new fabrication method for all-PDMS waveguides. We have reviewed recent progress on soft and stretchable polymeric optical waveguides for wearable and biomedical sensing applications. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. The cross coupler may expand the light in a first direction. Instead of using bulky light sources and spectrometers, miniaturized light-emitting diode and photodiodes can be great choices. An optical waveguide sensor was fabricated by forming a multilayer film made by porous anodic alumina (PAA) and Al layers on a glass substrate. Especially, for harsh environments, such as in electrical power generation and conversion facilities, optical sensors show improved performance due to their immunity to electromagnetic fields. reported scalable fabrications of highly stretchable, core-cladding optical fibers through a one-step coextrusion process (Figure 3d) [68]. Qiao X., Qian Z., Li J., Sun H., Han Y., Xia X., Zhou J., Wang C., Wang Y., Wang C. Synthetic Engineering of Spider Silk Fiber as Implantable Optical Waveguides for Low-Loss Light Guiding. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Guo J., Zhou B., Yang C., Dai Q., Kong L. Stretchable and temperature-sensitive polymer optical fibers for wearable health monitoring. Leal-Junior A, Avellar L, Biazi V, Soares MS, Frizera A et al. The detection of even an extremely small change in the light which transmits in the second optical waveguide layer, Then, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, In addition, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, Moreover, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, The optical waveguide type glucose measuring device, Since the structure of the optical waveguide type glucose sensor, A procedure for the measurement of glucose using the optical waveguide type glucose measuring device, Instead of the optical waveguide type glucose sensor, In addition, in a case where the optical waveguide type glucose sensors, (Modified Example of the Tenth Embodiment), An optical waveguide type glucose measuring system according to the modified examples of the tenth embodiment as shown in, In terms of the structure of the detector, An electric power circuit is added to the detector, Next, the structure of the charging device. (a,b) Stretchable fiber-based strain sensor installed on an athletic tape to monitor weight-bearing activities. developed a microscale silk optical waveguide with a high RI of ~1.54 through direct printing of an aqueous silk fibroin ink on borosilicate glass slides (Figure 2a) [42]. For further developments for clinical utility, the propagation loss of the polymer waveguides needs to be further decreased to ensure high signal-to-noise ratio and deeper implantation. Besides, there have also been efforts in developing optical waveguides that are biodegradable. Pijt-Hmeess sijaitsevat Pijnteen etelp ja . P2002-140055, filed on May 15, 2002; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Recent advances in flexible and stretchable bio-electronic devices integrated with nanomaterials. Copyright 2011, National Academy of Sciences; (e,f) Implantation of fluorescent fibers in the ear of mice for glucose monitoring. 6,903,815. All Rights Reserved, Use these formats for best results: Smith or J Smith, Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Journal of Display Technology (2005-2016), Journal of the Optical Society of Korea (1997-2016), Journal of Optical Networking (2002-2009), Journal of the Optical Society of America (1917-1983), Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference, Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology, Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity and Poling in Glass Waveguides and Materials, Multimode reverse-symmetry waveguide sensor for broad-range refractometry, Label-free Gram-negative bacteria detection using bacteriophage-adhesin-coated long-period gratings, Optical waveguide spectrometer based on thin-film glass plates, Prism-coupled multimode waveguide refractometer, Single beam grating coupled interferometry: high resolution miniaturized label-free sensor for plate based parallel screening, Login to access Optica Member Subscription. Huang S., Fu X. Despite the great promises, conventional optical waveguides are commonly made from solid and inorganic materials (e.g., silica glasses, silicon oxynitride), many of which unfortunately are not biocompatible [32]. Copyright 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science; (b) Shaking with a prosthetic hand, integrated with stretchable optical waveguides for strain sensing. To address these limitations, new types of waveguides made from soft, stretchable, biocompatible, and even biodegradable materials have been intensively explored. In addition, researchers have also achieved single-mode rib waveguides with microscale core size (<8 m) by soft lithography techniques, where pure PDMS (RI, 1.412) and hexane-modified PDMS (RI, 1.411) were used for the core and cladding, respectively [65]. A light-emitting diode and a photodiode were embedded at each end of the waveguide, serving as the light source and detector, respectively. The waveguide had optical losses below 0.35 dB cm1 at 532, 650, 850, and 1310 nm [60]. As another wearable application, the respiratory rate is successfully estimated with the BioMFOS integrated into the clothing. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Reproduced with permission [36]. White JR. Polymer ageing: physics, chemistry or engineering? Wang L., Zhong C., Ke D., Ye F., Tu J., Wang L., Lu Y. Ultrasoft and Highly Stretchable Hydrogel Optical Fibers for in vivo Optogenetic Modulations. Opto-Electron Adv 5, 210098 (2022). In . 1) a layer having a structure in which the enzyme and the coloring dyestuff are fixed by cross linking polymers. Cited by(0). Biocompatible polymeric optical waveguides with soft and flexible mechanical characteristics have shown great potentials in a broad range of biomedical applications in sensing, diagnosis, and phototherapy [71,72]. Light-guided localization within tissue using biocompatible surgical suture fiber as an optical waveguide. Pang C., Lee G.Y., Kim T.I., Kim S.M., Kim H.N., Ahn S.H., Suh K.Y. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution. Received 2019 Jul 25; Accepted 2019 Aug 28. Cai et al. The multifunctional feature of the structure is achieved by using transparent resins that present both mechanical and optical properties for structural integrity and strain/deflection transmission as well as the optical signal transmission properties with core/cladding configuration of a waveguide. A fiber-optic magnetic-field sensor is constructed by bonding a single-mode fiber to a nickel cylinder by means of the magnetostrictive effect, permitting detection of fields as small as 4.4 x 10(-6) Oe/m of fiber. 12181221. Copyright 2018, Optical Society of America; (h) Photographs of hydrogel fibers before and after silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) doping upon white light illumination. or Junior AGL, Frizera A, Pontes MJ. Peters K. Polymer optical fiber sensors-a review. Reproduced with permission [40]. Copyright 2018, Optical Society of America; (i) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of R6G molecules at various concentrations measured by AgNPs-doped hydrogel optical fiber. Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd. Akpakwu GA, Silva BJ, Hancke GP, Abu-Mahfouz AM. Reproduced with permission [68]. Light-guiding in a single-layer waveguide is susceptible to the RI changes of the surrounding medium. Choi W.J., Park K.S., Lee B.H. Yamada T., Hayamizu Y., Yamamoto Y., Yomogida Y., Izadi-Najafabadi A., Futaba D.N., Hata K. A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection. Yang J., Wei D., Tang L., Song X., Luo W., Chu J., Gao T., Shi H., Du C. Wearable temperature sensor based on graphene nanowalls. Body temperature is one of the most significant physiological signals that effectively indicates health states. You may notice problems with Reproduced with permission [36]. Furthermore, waveguides made of these materials are highly stiff and rigid, resulting in a significant mechanical mismatch with the soft skins and tissues [33,34]. Dupuis A., Guo N., Gao Y., Godbout N., Lacroix S., Dubois C., Skorobogatiy M. Prospective for biodegradable microstructured optical fibers. Copyright 2019, Wiley. Reproduced with permission [68]. 28(24) 2473-2475 (2003), Ewa Brzozowska, Marcin Koba, Mateusz mietana, Sabina Grska, Monika Janik, Andrzej Gamian, and Wojtek J. Bock When deformed, the waveguide showed microcracks within the reflective gold layer, enabling measurements of pressure, strain, and curvature from the changes of light transmission. Reproduced with permission [39]. Oh S.Y., Hong S.Y., Jeong Y.R., Yun J., Park H., Jin S.W., Lee G., Oh J.H., Lee H., Lee S., et al. used to detect optical phase shift of the guided compact and rugged compared with the fiber-optic such optical waveguide sensors are more compact and rugged compared with the As mentioned above, wireless charging is conducted in the optical waveguide type glucose measuring system without the optical waveguide type glucose measuring device. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide device for glucose measurement comprises (1) an optical waveguide sensor comprising a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, an immobilized coloring reagent layer containing a coloring reagent formed on the second optical waveguide layer and an immobilized enzyme layer containing an enzyme formed on the immobilized coloring reagent layer, and (2) a detection unit comprising a light source configured to emit a light to the first optical waveguide layer, a light detector configured to receive the light coming from the first optical waveguide layer, a central process control unit configured to control a light quantity of the light source and process signals from the light detector, a memory configured to store data from the central process control unit and a display configured to display the data. -- Example: "gr?y" retrieves documents containing "grey" or "gray". Light-guiding hydrogels for cell-based sensing and optogenetic synthesis in vivo. Spin-coating techniques have also been used to deposit silk planar waveguides on borosilicate glasses and Si/SiO2 substrates, which showed optical losses of 0.22 dB/cm at 632.8 nm [43]. An optical waveguide sensor for glucose measurement comprises a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating which are formed contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, and a functioning layer containing an enzyme and a coloring reagent which is formed on the second optical waveguide layer. In particular, for a single-layer waveguide, the surroundings might be air, water, or biological tissues, where TIR occurs at the waveguide boundaries. and Niels B. Larsen2, 1Optics and Fluid Dynamics Department, Ris National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, 2Danish Polymer Center, Ris National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Corresponding author: henrik.pedersen@risoe.dk, Your library or personal account may give you access. Hydrogels are crosslinked, three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers that can hold a large amount of water. Lu QB, Wang YN, Wang XX, Yao Y, Wang XW et al. While this is a source of noise, drift, or signal fading in, Mechanical or electromechanical resonators, such as metallic bars or piezoelectric plates, play a major role in telecommunication and instrumentation, particularly in filtering devices. Direct Writing of Elastic Fibers with Optical, Electrical, and Microfluidic Functionality. Thus, the proposed multifunctional device opens new avenues for novel bioinspired photonic devices and can be used in many applications of biomedical, biomechanics, and micro/nanotechnology. an optical waveguide sensor for determining an analyte in a medium, which sensor comprises an optical waveguide having a portion to be brought into contact with said medium, said portion having a plurality of cells arranged in an array which substantially covers the cross-sectional area of the waveguide, each of said cells containing an indicator According to a third aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide sensor for glucose measurement comprises a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating which are formed contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, an immobilized coloring reagent layer containing a coloring reagent formed on the second optical waveguide layer and an immobilized enzyme-catalyst layer containing an enzyme and a catalyst formed on the immobilized coloring reagent layer. Various modifications will become possible for those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof. Copyright 2019, Wiley; (c) High stretchability of the PDMS optical fiber. A novel stretchable optical temperature sensor, capable of maintaining its sensing performance under large strain deformations (up to 80%), has been developed by using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)-incorporated PDMS optical fibers (Figure 6e) [64]. As the alternatives to conventional rigid optical waveguides, considerable efforts have been made to develop light-guiding devices by using various transparent and elastic polymers, which offer desired physiomechanical properties and enable wearable/implantable applications in optical sensing, diagnostics, and therapy. Copyright 2009, Wiley; (b,c) Images of straight (b) and wavy (c) silk waveguides when a He-Ne laser source was launched. Implantable and Biodegradable Poly (. This design allows light to be confined within the core by internal light reflection and avoiding optical loss upon bending of the waveguide. Photonics-on-a-chip: recent advances in integrated waveguides as enabling detection elements for real-world, lab-on-a-chip biosensing applications. In the Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. The most important properties of the polymeric materials for the waveguide design are their optical transparency and refractive index (RI), which dominate the light transmission length of the waveguides (or waveguide loss). Characterization tests are performed in the structure by means of applying forces at different locations of the structure. Applegate M.B., Perotto G., Kaplan D.L., Omenetto F.G. Biocompatible silk step-index optical waveguides. An operation of the optical waveguide type glucose measuring system will be explained. In an optical waveguide type glucose sensor, Note that when the refractive index of the substrate, As the cross linking polymer used in the functioning layer, Next, an example for a manufacturing method of the optical waveguide type glucose sensor, (c) Subsequently, in a similar way to (a) again, another layer of which the refractive index is higher than that of the first optical waveguide layer, (d) Then, a covering layer made of a material such as photo-sensitive fluorine-based resin, having a lower refractive index compared to that of the entrance grating, (g) Subsequently, a solution containing, for example, organic monomer, photo-reaction initiator and poor solvent such as methyl decanate is coated, dried and photo-polymerized on the functioning layer, Next, a measuring method of glucose in an analyte, Therefore, according to the optical waveguide type glucose sensor, In addition, the stray light trapping layer, In other words, if the light transmitting in the first optical waveguide layer, The optical waveguide type glucose sensor, A solution containing a glucose such as blood, body fluid and the like is dropped onto a porous film, A measuring method of glucose is the same as the one in the second embodiment. Integrated planar optical waveguide interferometer biosensors: A comparative review. by tissue impedance measurement, Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. Besides transparency, the waveguide loss also depends on the RI of an optical material, which is vital for achieving effective light-guiding through the mechanism of so-called total internal reflection (TIR). Liu QP, Qiao XG, Jia ZA, Fu HW, Gao H et al. Nina Skivesen,1 P2002-7808, filed on Jan. 16, 2002 and No. As the alternatives to conventionally-used rigid materials such as glasses and plastics, there has been tremendous interest in developing waveguides from soft and elastic polymeric materials, offering biomechanical compatibility with the soft human skin and tissue [35]. Mortimer B, Soler A, Siviour CR, Zaera R, Vollrath F. Tuning the instrument: sonic properties in the spiders web. Due to their versatility, the use cases of polymer waveguides . Input optics Basic M-Scope type J optics with OBJECTIVE LENS and optional Coaxial epi-illumination unit OR Advanced M-Scope type J/PF optics 3. A grating-coupled planar optical waveguide sensor is presented for sensing of bacteria by evanescent waves. Such a hydrogel fiber was functionalized with phenylboronic acid to monitor glucose concentrations from the intensity changes of light passing through the fiber. used to detect optical phase shift of the guided mode due to temperature or pressure change. The optical transmission, tensile tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis are performed in the resins and show the possibility of light transmission at the visible wavelength range in conjunction with high flexibility and a dynamic range up to 150 Hz, suitable for wearable applications. To make TIR occur, the RI of the guiding materials should be larger than that of the surroundings, which could be a low-RI coating layer, for example, step-index optical fibers of core/cladding profile. Huby N., Vi V., Renault A., Beaufils S., Lefvre T., Paquet-Mercier F., Pzolet M., Bche B. Optical waveguide sensor for on-line monitoring of bacteria A grating-coupled planar optical waveguide sensor is presented for sensing of bacteria by evanescent waves. The sinuous-shaped structure of FBG enabled sensing of various deformations including tension, bending, and torsion from the Bragg wavelength shift (Figure 7a). Sensing functionalities of the waveguide can be further expanded by the exploration of novel structures, materials, and principles to provide comprehensive information inside the body for diagnostics and health tracking. P2001-358333, filed on Nov. 22, 2001, No. The relative oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in blood were obtained from the changes of light intensity based on BeerLambert law (Figure 4h). The current waveguides generally possessed an optical loss of several dB/cm, which are five orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional silica fibers. Amjadi M., Kyung K.U., Park I., Sitti M. Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: A review. Leal-Junior A, Avellar L, Frizera A, Marques C. Smart textiles for multimodal wearable sensing using highly stretchable multiplexed optical fiber system. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide device for glucose measurement comprises (1) an optical waveguide sensor comprising a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, an immobilized coloring reagent layer containing a coloring reagent formed on the second optical waveguide layer and an immobilized enzyme layer containing an enzyme formed on the immobilized coloring reagent layer, and (2) a detection unit comprising a light source configured to emit a light to the first optical waveguide layer, a light detector configured to receive the light coming from the first optical waveguide layer, a central process control unit configured to control a light quantity of the light source and process signals from the light detector, a memory configured to store data from the central process control unit and a display configured to display the data. Ramuz M., Tee B.C.K., Tok J.B.H., Bao Z. Transparent, optical, pressure-sensitive artificial skin for large-area stretchable electronics. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a silicone-based organic elastomer, particularly known for its high elasticity, chemical inertness, and thermal stability [56,57,58]. Maakuntaan kuuluu kymmenen kuntaa. 1981. According to a second aspect of the present invention, an optical waveguide sensor for glucose measurement comprises a substrate, a first optical waveguide layer formed on a surface of the substrate, an entrance grating and an exit grating which are formed contacting with the first optical waveguide layer and being spaced from each other, a second optical waveguide layer located between the entrance grating and the exit grating while being in contact with the first optical waveguide layer, the second optical waveguide layer having a higher refractive index than that of the first optical waveguide layer, an mobilized coloring reagent layer containing coloring reagent formed on the second optical waveguide layer and an immobilized enzyme layer containing an enzyme formed on the immobilized coloring reagent layer. RB, rhodamine B; MB, methylene blue; FL, fluorescein. Hanada Y., Sugioka K., Midorikawa K. UV waveguides light fabricated in fluoropolymer CYTOP by femtosecond laser direct writing. The high RI contrast enabled strong guidance of light in tissue with an optical loss of ~2 dB/cm (Figure 2d). Furthermore, the potential applications of those optical devices for various wearable and biomedical applications are discussed. Biodegradable optical waveguides. Copyright 2011, National Academy of Sciences; (g,h) Two core-cladding hydrogel optical fibers implanted in mouse subcutaneous tissue to measure oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentrations. By virtue of the ratiometric readout, the temperature sensor was self-calibrated and its sensing performance was independent of strain deformations. The vertical structure increases the sensing area and can be fabricated in a one-step lithography step enabling easy and high-resolution fabrication and making this waveguide attractive in .